http://pubs.jamanetwork.com/ en-us Wed, 19 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT Tue, 18 Jun 2013 20:44:46 GMT Silverchair editor@pubs.jamanetwork.com webmaster@pubs.jamanetwork.com http://pubs.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleID=1697946 Wed, 19 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT Skyler JS, Sosenko JM. <span class="paragraphSection">Type 1 diabetes (T1D) occurs in individuals with a genetic predisposition to the disease, predominantly from a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-related immunogenotype that accounts for approximately 60% of the genetic influence. In these individuals who are genetically at risk, an environmental trigger is thought to initiate an immune response targeting the insulin-secreting pancreatic islet β cells. The initial immune response also may engender secondary and tertiary immune responses that contribute to the impairment of β-cell function and destruction of β cells. The rate of development of T1D varies, probably related to non-HLA genetic factors and additional environmental factors beyond the triggering exposure.</span> 309 23 2491 2492 10.1001/jama.2013.6286 http://pubs.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleID=1697946 http://pubs.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleID=1697963 Wed, 19 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT Ziegler AG, Rewers M, Simell O, et al. <span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Importance</div>Type 1 diabetes usually has a preclinical phase identified by circulating islet autoantibodies, but the rate of progression to diabetes after seroconversion to islet autoantibodies is uncertain.<div class="boxTitle">Objective</div>To determine the rate of progression to diabetes after islet autoantibody seroconversion.<div class="boxTitle">Design, Setting, and Participants</div>Data were pooled from prospective cohort studies performed in Colorado (recruitment, 1993-2006), Finland (recruitment, 1994-2009), and Germany (recruitment, 1989-2006) examining children genetically at risk for type 1 diabetes for the development of insulin autoantibodies, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) autoantibodies, insulinoma antigen 2 (IA2) autoantibodies, and diabetes. Participants were all children recruited and followed up in the 3 studies (Colorado, 1962; Finland, 8597; Germany, 2818). Follow-up assessment in each study was concluded by July 2012.<div class="boxTitle">Main Outcomes and Measures</div>The primary analysis was the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children with 2 or more autoantibodies. The secondary analysis was the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children with 1 autoantibody or no autoantibodies.<div class="boxTitle">Results</div>Progression to type 1 diabetes at 10-year follow-up after islet autoantibody seroconversion in 585 children with multiple islet autoantibodies was 69.7% (95% CI, 65.1%-74.3%), and in 474 children with a single islet autoantibody was 14.5% (95% CI, 10.3%-18.7%). Risk of diabetes in children who had no islet autoantibodies was 0.4% (95% CI, 0.2%-0.6%) by the age of 15 years. Progression to type 1 diabetes in the children with multiple islet autoantibodies was faster for children who had islet autoantibody seroconversion younger than age 3 years (hazard ratio [HR], 1.65 [95% CI, 1.30-2.09; P < .001]; 10-year risk, 74.9% [95% CI, 69.7%-80.1%]) vs children 3 years or older (60.9% [95% CI, 51.5%-70.3%]); for children with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype DR3/DR4-DQ8 (HR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.09-1.68; P = .007]; 10-year risk, 76.6% [95% CI, 69.2%-84%]) vs other HLA genotypes (66.2% [95% CI, 60.2%-72.2%]); and for girls (HR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.04-1.58; P = .02];10-year risk, 74.8% [95% CI, 68.0%-81.6%]) vs boys (65.7% [95% CI, 59.3%-72.1%]).<div class="boxTitle">Conclusions and Relevance</div>The majority of children at risk of type 1 diabetes who had multiple islet autoantibody seroconversion progressed to diabetes over the next 15 years. Future prevention studies should focus on this high-risk population.</span> 309 23 2473 2479 10.1001/jama.2013.6285 http://pubs.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleID=1697963