During the past 20 years, there has been a substantial decline in mortality among children younger than 5 years from 12.0 million deaths in 1990 to 7.6 million in 2010.1 In these decades alone, global health and development efforts have saved the lives of more than 50 million children, half of them by preventing deaths due to pneumonia, diarrhea, and measles.2 This improvement in child survival was catalyzed in part by setting aspirational global targets such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).3