To the Editor The study by Dr Chang and colleagues evaluated bleeding associated with drug-drug interactions with NOACs.1 We believe that the authors provided erroneous information about the mechanisms by which the 12 drugs potentially interact with the 3 NOACs, which was further confused by the use of 3 categories (P-glycoprotein competitors, CYP3A4 inhibitors, or both). Dabigatran is a substrate for the transporter P-glycoprotein, whereas rivaroxaban and apixaban are substrates for both P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4.2 Chronic use of phenytoin and rifampin induces both CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein as opposed to both being P-glycoprotein competitors and CYP3A4 inhibitors, as stated by the authors.1-4 Other drug interaction errors presented were that digoxin is a competitor of P-glycoprotein and atorvastatin is a dual competitor and inhibitor of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4; in contrast, both are substrates for P-glycoprotein and atorvastatin is also a CYP3A4 substrate.1-4 All of the remaining drugs are inhibitors of both P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4.2-4