The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that the nation experienced approximately 107 600 overdose deaths in 2021.1 This tragic figure demands a vigorous, data-driven, and effective response. President Biden’s recently released inaugural National Drug Control Strategy (NDCS) lays out a comprehensive approach to reduce overdose deaths.2 It calls for efforts to expand access to evidence-based prevention, harm reduction, treatment, and recovery support services and emphasizes the need to reduce the supply of illicit substances. The NDCS also calls for a major refocusing of data collection efforts to more effectively develop, implement, and evaluate these services. This Viewpoint describes current data gaps, needed actions, and the national benefits of better data systems focused on substance use.