Context Cardiogenic shock (CS) is the leading cause of death for patients hospitalized
with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Objective To assess the effect of early revascularization (ERV) on 1-year survival
for patients with AMI complicated by CS.
Design The SHOCK (Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for
Cardiogenic Shock) Trial, an unblinded, randomized controlled trial from April
1993 through November 1998.
Setting Thirty-six referral centers with angioplasty and cardiac surgery facilities.
Patients Three hundred two patients with AMI and CS due to predominant left ventricular
failure who met specified clinical and hemodynamic criteria.
Interventions Patients were randomly assigned to an initial medical stabilization
(IMS; n = 150) group , which included thrombolysis (63% of patients), intra-aortic
balloon counterpulsation (86%), and subsequent revascularization (25%), or
to an ERV group (n = 152), which mandated revascularization within 6 hours
of randomization and included angioplasty (55%) and coronary artery bypass
graft surgery (38%).
Main Outcome Measures All-cause mortality and functional status at 1 year, compared between
the ERV and IMS groups.
Results One-year survival was 46.7% for patients in the ERV group compared with
33.6% in the IMS group (absolute difference in survival, 13.2%; 95% confidence
interval [CI], 2.2%-24.1%; P<.03; relative risk
for death, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54-0.95). Of the 10 prespecified subgroup analyses,
only age (<75 vs ≥ 75 years) interacted significantly (P<.03) with treatment in that treatment benefit was apparent only
for patients younger than 75 years (51.6% survival in ERV group vs 33.3% in
IMS group). Eighty-three percent of 1-year survivors (85% of ERV group and
80% of IMS group) were in New York Heart Association class I or II.
Conclusions For patients with AMI complicated by CS, ERV resulted
in improved 1-year survival. We recommend rapid transfer of patients
with AMI complicated by CS, particularly those younger than 75 years,
to medical centers capable of providing early angiography and
revascularization procedures.
Cardiogenic shock (CS) is the leading cause of death for patients hospitalized
with acute myocardial infarction (AMI),1,2
and mortality remains high during the following year.3,4
The SHOCK (Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic
Shock) Trial demonstrated a nonsignificant reduction in 30-day mortality (56%
vs 47%) when early revascularization (ERV) was compared with a strategy of
initial medical stabilization (IMS), with a larger difference between the
groups at 6 months.5 In this article, we report
the 1-year survival, a prespecified secondary end point of the SHOCK Trial.
The SHOCK Trial design (an unblinded, randomized controlled trial) has
been previously reported.6 Thirty-six referral
centers with angioplasty and cardiac surgery facilities participated from
April 1993 through November 1998. Patients with AMI who developed CS due to
left ventricular failure at 36 hours or less were eligible if the electrocardiogram
results showed ST-segment elevations or Q waves, posterior infarction, or
new left bundle-branch block. Clinical and hemodynamic criteria indicating
CS and the absence of all exclusion criteria were required for patient inclusion.5,7 Patients were randomly assigned to
undergo ERV, with either percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery at 6 hours or less, or to IMS,
which included patients undergoing thrombolysis, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation
(IABP) and subsequent revascularization with PTCA or CABG permitted 54 hours
or more following randomization. The IABP procedure was performed in 86% of
patients, thrombolysis in 63% of IMS patients, and subsequent revascularization
in 25% of patients.5
Assignment of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) class was determined
by a standardized telephone interview 1 year following AMI. Beginning in 1995,
rehospitalization data were obtained via telephone.
Dichotomous survival end points were calculated based on survival times
from randomization, without regard to heart transplantation. Fisher exact
test was used to compare survival rates, and the normal approximation to the
binomial was used to estimate the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the rate
difference between groups. The Breslow-Day test of homogeneity of odds ratios
was used to assess the interaction between treatment group and 10 prespecified
subgroup variables.5,7 The Kaplan-Meier
product-limit estimator and the log-rank test were used to analyze continuous
survival times with censoring at the date of heart transplantation for 4 patients.
In addition, 1 IMS patient who was lost to follow-up before 1 year was omitted
from the survival analysis because of informative censoring (since this patient
was not found in the Social Security Death Index, he/she is likely to be alive).
All statistical analyses were conducted in SAS8
and S-Plus.9
The mean (SD) age of enrolled patients was 66 (11) years; 32% were female,
33% had history of AMI, 31% had diabetes mellitus, and 46% had hypertension.
Fifty-five percent of patients were transferred from primary to tertiary care
hospitals, by protocol 12 hours or less after CS.5
Eight patients (5 ERV and 3 IMS) were determined postrandomization to have
aortic dissection, left ventricular free wall rupture, tamponade, or severe
mitral regurgitation. Vital status at 1 year was available for 301 of 302
patients.
At 1-year postrandomization, there was a significant difference in survival
between the ERV (n = 152) and IMS (n = 149) groups (46.7% vs 33.6%, P <.03) (relative risk for death, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54-0.95).
The absolute difference in survival was 13.2% (95% CI, 2.2%-24.1%). Figure 1 demonstrates the increasing survival
benefit of the ERV group after 1 month (P = .04).
After exclusion of 8 patients with aortic dissection, tamponade, or severe
MR, the 1-year survival rate was 47.6% (n = 147) for the ERV and 33.6% (n
= 146) for the IMS groups, a 14.1% absolute difference (95% CI 2.9%-25.2%; P<.02).
Three ERV patients and 1 IMS patient underwent cardiac transplantation;
2 survived to 1-year postrandomization.
Most patients (64%) had 3-vessel disease5
and the mean (SD) left ventricle ejection fraction was 29% (11%) (n = 46).
Ninety-seven percent of ERV patients underwent coronary angiography and 87%
underwent revascularization, including 55% (n = 84) with PTCA and 38% (n =
57) with CABG surgery. In the ERV group, the median time from randomization
to revascularization was 0.9 hours for PTCA and 2.7 hours for CABG surgery.
Delayed revascularization was attempted in 32 IMS patients (21%) at
a median of 103 hours after randomization, and 4% underwent revascularization
at 54 hours or less.5 Initial medical stabilization
patients who survived the first several days after randomization and were
clinically selected to undergo revascularization had a 57% (21/37) 1-year
survival rate. Their mean (SD) cardiac index was higher than IMS patients
who did not undergo revascularization (2.02 [0.55] vs 1.68 [0.46] L ·
min−1 · m2 − 1; P<.01).
Only 1 of 10 prespecified subgroup analyses revealed a significant interaction
with treatment (age <75 vs ≥75 years; interaction, P = .03). There was an 18% absolute difference in survival in favor
of ERV patients for those younger than 75 years (51.6% for ERV vs 33.3% for
IMS; 95% CI for the difference, 6.1%-30.4%) and no significant difference
in survival between the 2 groups for those 75 years and older (20.8% for ERV
vs 34.4% for IMS). There was no interaction between treatment effect and presence
vs absence of the following variables: male sex, randomization 6 hours or
less after AMI, anterior AMI, prior AMI, diabetes mellitus, hypertension,
US site, transfer, and thrombolytic contraindication.
Among 1-year survivors (n = 90), 83% were in the NYHA congestive heart
failure (CHF) class I or II (85% of the ERV group and 80% of the IMS group).
The overall rehospitalization rate was similar for 69 ERV and 51 IMS patients
(20% vs 18%); CHF (9% vs 12%), angina (7% vs 2%), and recurrent AMI (0%) respectively.
In this randomized trial of patients with AMI complicated by CS, ERV
resulted in a 39% improvement in 1-year survival compared with initial aggressive
medical stabilization. The absolute benefit of ERV for CS, 132 lives saved
for every thousand patients treated, is greater than10
or similar to the absolute benefit of CABG for left main vessel disease at
1 year.11 However, the group difference of
9.3 percentage points in favor of ERV at 30 days (reported previously as the
primary study end point) did not reach statistical significance.5
The increasing survival difference over time is in contrast with other therapies
for AMI, such as thrombolysis and primary PTCA, for which maximal benefit
is manifested at 30 days.12,13
The early mortality difference between primary PTCA and thrombolytic agents
decreases over time for AMI patients without CS.13,14
However, the angiographic substudy of GUSTO I (Global Utilization of Streptokinase
and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries I) demonstrated
divergence of the survival curves in the first year for those with normal
vs abnormal coronary artery blood flow early after experiencing AMI.15 Our findings are consistent with results of randomized
trials of CABG compared with medical therapy for high-risk patients with severe
coronary artery disease, for whom an early hazard of surgery is more than
offset only after long periods of follow-up.16,17
The higher 1-year survival with ERV was remarkably consistent among
subgroups. The notable exception was a differential treatment effect by age.
The younger patients (<75 years) derived a large benefit from ERV, in contrast
to an apparent lack of benefit for those 75 years or older. However, the experience
of the small elderly cohort (n = 56) in the trial is in contrast with results
of the concurrent nonrandomized SHOCK Registry, which showed an apparent survival
benefit for those 75 years or older who were clinically selected to undergo
ERV.18,19 These data suggest that
a routine strategy of ERV may not be appropriate for the elderly as a group
but careful case selection might lead to increased survival in certain patients
75 years or older.
Based on the results of the SHOCK Trial, the American College of Cardiology/American
Heart Association recently revised guidelines to recommend ERV for patients
younger than 75 years with CS within 36 hours of AMI.20
In summary, ERV improves 1-year survival for patients with AMI complicated
by CS. We recommend rapid transfer of patients with AMI and CS, particularly
those younger than 75 years, to tertiary care hospitals with capabilities
to perform urgent coronary angiography and revascularization.
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