1.Morris DM. Illness and Culture in the Postmodern Age. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1998.
2.Konner M. Medicine at the Crossroads: The Crisis in Health
Care. New York, NY: Pantheon Books; 1993.
3.Charon R. The narrative road to empathy. In: Spiro H, Curnen MGM, Peschel E, St. James D, eds. Empathy and the Practice of Medicine: Beyond Pills and the Scalpel.
New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press; 1993:147-159.
4.Charon R. Narrative medicine: form, function, and ethics.
Ann Intern Med.2001;134:83-87.Google Scholar 5.Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine.
Science.1977;196:129-136.Google Scholar 6.Laine C, Davidoff F. Patient-centered medicine: a professional evolution.
JAMA.1996;275:152-156.Google Scholar 7.Greenhalgh T, Hurwitz B. Narrative Based Medicine: Dialogue and Discourse
in Clinical Practice. London, England: BMJ Books; 1998.
8.Kleinman A. The Illness Narratives: Suffering, Healing and the
Human Condition. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1988.
9.Brody H. Stories of Sickness. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press; 1987.
10.Swenson MM, Sims SL. Toward a narrative-centered curriculum for nurse practitioners.
J Nurs Educ.2000;39:109-115.Google Scholar 11.Polkinghorne DE. Narrative Knowing and the Human Sciences. Albany: State University of New York Press; 1988.
12.Krieswirth M. Trusting the tale: the narrativist turn in the human sciences.
New Literary History.1992;23:629-657.Google Scholar 13.Mishler EG. Research Interviewing: Context and Narrative. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1986.
14.Martin W. Recent Theories of Narrative. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1986.
15.Brooks P. Reading for the Plot: Design and Intention in Narrative. New York, NY: Vintage; 1985.
16.Booth WC. The Rhetoric of Fiction. 2nd ed. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press; 1983.
17.Lewis RWB. The American Adam: Innocence, Tragedy and Tradition
in the Nineteenth Century. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press; 1955:3.
18.Bruner J. Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1986.
19.Paulos JA. Once Upon a Number: The Hidden Mathematical Logic
of Stories. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1998.
20.Smith BH. Narrative versions, narrative theories. In: Mitchell WJT, ed. On Narrative. Chicago,
Ill: University of Chicago Press; 1981:228.
21.James H. The Art of the Novel: Critical Prefaces. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons; 1934.
22.Barthes R. S/Z: An Essay. Miller R, trans. New York, NY: Hill & Wang; 1974.
23.Kermode F. The Art of Telling: Essays on Fiction. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1983.
24.Iser W. The Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Response. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1978.
25.Tompkins JP. Reader-Response Criticism: From Formalism to Post-Structuralism. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1980.
26.James H. The novels of George Eliot. [First printed in Atlantic Monthly, 1866.]
Reprinted in: Stang R, ed. Discussions of George Eliot.
Boston, Mass: DC Heath & Co; 1960:5.
27.Charon R. Literature and medicine: origins and destinies.
Acad Med.2000;75:23-27.Google Scholar 28.Stolorow R, Brandchaft B, Atwood G. Psychoanalytic Treatment: An Intersubjective Approach. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press; 1987.
29.Lipkin M, Putnam S, Lazare A. The Medical Interview: Clinical Care, Education,
and Research. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1995.
30.Society for Health and Human Values. Special issue in humanities and medical education.
Acad Med.1995;70:755-813, 822-823.Google Scholar 31.Cassell E. The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine.
N Engl J Med.1982;306:639-645.Google Scholar 32.Hunter KM. Doctors' Stories: The Narrative Structure of Medical
Knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1993.
33.Nelson HL. Stories and Their Limits: Narrative Approaches to
Bioethics. New York, NY: Routledge; 1997.
34.Jones AH. Literature and medicine: narrative ethics.
Lancet.1997;349:1243-1246.Google Scholar 35.Anderson C. "Forty acres of cotton waiting to be picked": medical students, storytelling,
and the rhetoric of healing.
Lit Med.1998;17:280-297.Google Scholar 36.Hawkins AH. Reconstructing Illness: Studies in Pathography. 2nd ed. West Lafayette, Ind: Purdue University Press; 1999.
37.Selzer R. Letters to a Young Doctor. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster; 1982.
38.Zabarenko RN. The Doctor Tree: Developmental Stages in the Growth
of Physicians. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1978.
39.Genette G. Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method. Lewin J, trans. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1980.
40.DeSalvo L. Writing as a Way of Healing: How Telling Our Stories
Transforms Our Lives. San Francisco, Calif: Harper; 1999.
41.Anderson CM. Writing and healing [special issue].
Lit Med.2000;19:1-132.Google Scholar 42.Bolton G. The Therapeutic Potential of Creative Writing: Writing
Myself. London, England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 1999.
43.Anderson CM, MacCurdy MM. Writing and Healing: Toward an Informed Practice. Urbana, Ill: National Council of Teachers of English; 2000.
44.Groopman J. The Measure of Our Days: A Spiritual Exploration
of Illness. New York, NY: Penguin; 1998.
45.Verghese A. My Own Country: A Doctor's Story. New York, NY: Vintage/Random House; 1995.
46.Charon R. Medical interpretation: implications of literary theory of narrative
for clinical work.
J Narrative Life History.1993;3:79-97.Google Scholar 47.Weine SM. The witnessing imagination: social trauma, creative artists, and witnessing
professionals.
Lit Med.1996;15:167-182.Google Scholar 48.Feinstein A. Clinical Judgment. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1967.
49.Spiro HM, Curnen MGM, Peschel E, St. James D. Empathy and the Practice of Medicine: Beyond Pills and the Scalpel. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press; 1993.
50.Toombs SK. The Meaning of Illness: A Phenomenological Account
of the Different Perspectives of Physician and Patient. Dordrect, the Netherlands: Kluwer; 1993.
51.Novack DH, Suchman AL, Clark W, Epstein RM, Najberg E, Kaplan C. Calibrating the physician: personal awareness and effective patient
care.
JAMA.1997;278:502-509.Google Scholar 52.Miller SZ, Schmidt HJ. The habit of humanism: a framework for making humanistic care a reflexive
clinical skill.
Acad Med.1999;74:800-803.Google Scholar 53.Berger J, Mohr J. A Fortunate Man. New York, NY: Pantheon Books; 1967.
54.Fox R, Lief H. Training for "detached concern." In: Lief H, ed. The Psychological Basis of Medical Practice. New York, NY: Harper & Row; 1963:12-35.
55.Connelly J. Being in the present moment: developing the capacity for mindfulness
in medicine.
Acad Med.1999;74:420-424.Google Scholar 56.Halpern J. From Detached Concern to Empathy: Humanizing Medical
Practice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2001.
57.Risdon C, Edey L. Human doctoring: bringing authenticity to our care.
Acad Med.1999;74:896-899.Google Scholar 58.Hawkins AH, MacEntyre MC. Teaching Literature and Medicine. New York, NY: Modern Language Association; 2000.
59.Charon R, Banks JT, Connelly JE.
et al. Literature and medicine: contributions to clinical practice.
Ann Intern Med.1995;122:599-606.Google Scholar 60.Coles R. The Call of Stories: Teaching and the Moral Imagination. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin; 1989.
61.Skelton JR, Macleod JAA, Thomas CP. Teaching literature and medicine to medical students, part II: why
literature and medicine?
Lancet.2001;356:2001-2003.Google Scholar 62.Charon R. Reading, writing, and doctoring: literature and medicine.
Am J Med Sci.2000;319:285-291.Google Scholar 63.Sacks O. The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other
Clinical Tales. New York, NY: Summit Books; 1985.
64.Mates S. The Good Doctor. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press; 1994.
65.Williams WC. The Doctor Stories. New York, NY: WW Norton & Co; 1985.
66.Charon R. Medicine, the novel, and the passage of time.
Ann Intern Med.2000;132:63-68.Google Scholar 67.Toulmin S. The construal of reality: criticism in modern and postmodern science. In: Mitchell WTJ, ed. The Politics of Interpretation. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press; 1983:99-117.
68.Ludmerer K. Time to Heal: American Medical Education From the
Turn of the Century to the Era of Managed Care. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1999.
69.Bosk C. Forgive and Remember: Managing Medical Failure. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press; 1979.
70.Balint M. The Doctor, His Patient and the Illness. London, England: Tavistock Publications; 1957.
71.Cruess RL, Cruess SR. Teaching medicine as a profession in the service of healing.
Acad Med.1997;72:941-952.Google Scholar 72.Wynia MK, Latham SR, Kao AC, Berg JW, Emanuel LL. Medical professionalism in society.
N Engl J Med.1999;341:1612-1616.Google Scholar 73.Reynolds PP. Reaffirming professionalism through the education community.
Ann Intern Med.1994;120:609-614.Google Scholar 74.Rodwin MA. Medicine, Money, and Morals: Physicians' Conflicts
of Interest. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1993.
75.Spece R, Shumm D, Buchanan A. Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Practice and Research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1996.
76.Rothman D. Medical professionalism: focusing on the real issues.
N Engl J Med.2000;342:1284-1286.Google Scholar 77.Anders G. Health Against Wealth: HMOs and the Breakdown of
Medical Trust. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin; 1996.
78.Feldman DS, Novack DH, Gracelv E. Effects of managed care on physician-patient relationships, quality
of care, and the ethical practice of medicine.
Arch Intern Med.1998;158:1626-1632.Google Scholar 79.Morreim EH. Balancing Act: The New Medical Ethics of Medicine's
New Economics. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press; 1995.
80.Hurwitz B. Narrative and the practice of medicine.
Lancet.2000;356:2086-2089.Google Scholar 81.Harden J. Language, discourse and the chronotope: applying literary theory to
the narratives in health care.
J Adv Nurs.2000;31:506-512.Google Scholar 82.Heliker D. Transformation of story to practice: an innovative approach to long-term care.
Issues Ment Health Nurs.1999;20:513-515.Google Scholar 83.Hunter KM, Charon R, Coulehan JL. The study of literature in medical education.
Acad Med.1995;70:787-794.Google Scholar 85.Branch W, Pels RJ, Lawrence RS.
et al. Critical incident reports from third-year medical students.
N Engl J Med.1993;329:1130-1132.Google Scholar 86.Reifler DR. "I actually don't mind the bone saw": narratives of gross anatomy.
Lit Med.1996;15:183-199.Google Scholar 87.Winckler M. The Case of Dr. Sachs. Asher L, trans. New York, NY: Seven Stories Press; 2000.
88.Charon R, Montello M. The Practice of Narrative Ethics. New York, NY: Routledge. In press.
89.Chambers T. The Fiction of Bioethics: Cases as Literary Texts. New York, NY: Routledge; 1999.
90.Bauby JD. The Diving Bell and the Butterfly. Leggatt J, trans. New York, NY: Vintage/Random; 1998.
91.Mairs N. Waist-High in the World: A Life Among the Nondisabled. Boston, Mass: Beacon Press; 1996.
92.Smyth JM, Stone AA, Hurewitz A, Kaell A. Effects of writing about stressful experiences on symptom reduction
in patients with asthma or rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial.
JAMA.1999;281:1304-1309.Google Scholar 93.Pennebacker JW. Telling stories: the health benefits of narrative.
Lit Med.2000;19:3-18.Google Scholar