Effect of Varying Doses of Epicutaneous Immunotherapy vs Placebo on Reaction to Peanut Protein Exposure Among Patients With Peanut Sensitivity: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Key Points

Question  What are the effects of varying doses of an epicutaneous immunotherapy for peanut allergy on reaction to peanut protein exposure?

Finding  In this phase 2b randomized trial of 221 participants with peanut allergy, a 250-μg dose of peanut protein resulted in a significant treatment response compared with placebo (50% vs 25%) following 12 months of therapy.

Meaning  These findings support further evaluation of epicutaneous immunotherapy in a phase 3 trial.

Importance  Epicutaneous immunotherapy may have potential for treating peanut allergy but has been assessed only in preclinical and early human trials.

Objective  To determine the optimal dose, adverse events (AEs), and efficacy of a peanut patch for peanut allergy treatment.

Design, Setting, and Participants  Phase 2b double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of a peanut patch in peanut-allergic patients (6-55 years) from 22 centers, with a 2-year, open-label extension (July 31, 2012-July 31, 2014; extension completed September 29, 2016). Patients (n = 221) had peanut sensitivity and positive double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges to an eliciting dose of 300 mg or less of peanut protein.

Interventions  Randomly assigned patients (1:1:1:1) received an epicutaneous peanut patch containing 50 μg (n = 53), 100 μg (n = 56), or 250 μg (n = 56) of peanut protein or a placebo patch (n = 56). Following daily patch application for 12 months, patients underwent a double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge to establish changes in eliciting dose.

Main Outcomes and Measures  The primary efficacy end point was percentage of treatment responders (eliciting dose: ≥10-times increase and/or reaching ≥1000 mg of peanut protein) in each group vs placebo patch after 12 months. Secondary end points included percentage of responders by age strata and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs).

Results  Of 221 patients randomized (median age, 11 years [quartile 1, quartile 3: 8, 16]; 37.6% female), 93.7% completed the trial. A significant absolute difference in response rates was observed at month 12 between the 250-μg (n = 28; 50.0%) and placebo (n = 14; 25.0%) patches (difference, 25.0%; 95% CI, 7.7%-42.3%; P = .01). No significant difference was seen between the placebo patch vs the 100-μg patch. Because of statistical testing hierarchical rules, the 50-μg patch was not compared with placebo. Interaction by age group was only significant for the 250-μg patch (P = .04). In the 6- to 11-year stratum, the response rate difference between the 250-μg (n = 15; 53.6%) and placebo (n = 6; 19.4%) patches was 34.2% (95% CI, 11.1%-57.3%; P = .008); adolescents/adults showed no difference between the 250-μg (n = 13; 46.4%) and placebo (n = 8; 32.0%) patches: 14.4% (95% CI, −11.6% to 40.4%; P = .40). No dose-related serious AEs were observed. The percentage of patients with 1 or more TEAEs (largely local skin reactions) was similar across all groups in year 1: 50-μg patch = 100%, 100-μg patch = 98.2%, 250-μg patch = 100%, and placebo patch = 92.9%. The overall median adherence was 97.6% after 1 year; the dropout rate for treatment-related AEs was 0.9%.

Conclusions and Relevance  In this dose-ranging trial of peanut-allergic patients, the 250-μg peanut patch resulted in significant treatment response vs placebo patch following 12 months of therapy. These findings warrant a phase 3 trial.

Trial Registration  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01675882

Peanut allergy was estimated to affect approximately 2% of US children aged 18 years and younger in 2014,¹ and studies suggest that the prevalence has been increasing.² As of 2014, peanut allergy was considered the most common cause of severe and fatal food-induced anaphylactic reactions in the United States.^3,4 The only approved management strategy for peanut allergy is avoidance and emergency management of severe reactions due to accidental ingestions,⁴ which has a marked adverse effect on the quality of life of patients and caregivers.⁵ Several approaches are under investigation, including oral, sublingual, and epicutaneous immunotherapy.⁶ Oral immunotherapy has been the most extensively studied form of therapy. Numerous single-center studies have been published; although they have demonstrated induction of varying degrees of desensitization, there is concern about significant risk of severe treatment-associated adverse reactions.⁷ Moreover, only a minority of treated patients achieve any measure of longer-term tolerance.^8,9

Epicutaneous immunotherapy uses an allergen-adsorbed patch (peanut patch), which in murine models has been shown to deliver allergen to the epidermal layer of normal intact skin, where it is taken up by Langerhans cells and transported to regional lymph nodes.¹⁰ After a recent phase 1 trial in peanut-allergic individuals demonstrated safety and tolerability,¹¹ a 1-year phase 2b trial of the peanut patch was conducted in peanut-allergic patients to identify the most effective dose and to establish its adverse event (AE) profile, efficacy, and acceptability. Patients completing the phase 2b trial were invited to participate in a 2-year extension trial using the most effective peanut-patch dose to assess efficacy for up to 36 months.

This was a phase 2b, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of epicutaneous immunotherapy with a peanut patch (Viaskin Peanut) for 1 year followed by a voluntary, 2-year, open-label extension study to evaluate the efficacy of the peanut patch. Patients and investigators were kept blinded to study treatment (phase 2b: July 31, 2012-July 31, 2014; extension completed September 29, 2016). The trial protocol (Supplement 1) and consent forms were approved by each center’s institutional review board. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants or parents/guardians with assents for children older than 7 years or per local institutional review board guidelines.

Patients were recruited at 22 tertiary referral allergy/immunology centers in North America and Europe (study design summarized in eFigure 1 in Supplement 2). Eligible participants were aged 6 to 55 years with an established clinical history of peanut allergy, peanut skin prick test wheal diameter of 8 mm or greater, serum peanut-specific IgE level (Phadia ImmunoCAP system; Thermo Scientific) greater than 0.7 kU_A/L, and eliciting dose (last single food challenge dose administered prior to the development of objective clinical symptoms) of 300 mg or less of peanut protein at the initial double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (food challenge). Individuals with chronic disease, unstable asthma, or a history of severe anaphylaxis to peanut (previous hypotension, neurologic compromise, or mechanical ventilation) were excluded for ethical and safety reasons.

Standardized food challenges using PRACTALL criteria¹² were conducted before initiating therapy and following 12, 24, and 36 months of daily peanut-patch application. Incremental peanut protein doses of 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, and 300 mg every 30 minutes were used for all challenges, with additional doses of 1000 and 2000 mg of peanut protein for challenges at 12, 24, and 36 months. An additional dose of 1600 mg of peanut protein was administered at 24 and 36 months. Peanut protein doses were administered in a standardized chocolate pudding.¹³ Food challenges were discontinued and eliciting doses were established only when clear-cut objective symptoms were present (eTable 1 in Supplement 2).¹² Once qualified, patients were randomly assigned at a ratio of 1:1:1:1 to receive patches containing 50 μg, 100 μg, or 250 μg of peanut protein or placebo patch. Randomization was stratified by site and age group using a dynamic randomization schedule through Interactive Web Response Systems: children aged 6 to 11 years and adolescents/adults aged 12 to 55 years (treatment block size was 4). Patients and their families were reimbursed for travel cost limited to US$40 per visit; there were no additional financial incentives.

Peanut and placebo patches, which were indistinguishable in appearance, were applied daily on the backs of children and inner upper arms of adolescents and adults. The first patch was applied under observation at the study site. Subsequent patches were self-administered at home once daily for 3, 6, and 12 hours per day during the first, second, and third weeks, respectively, followed by 24 hours daily thereafter. Patients were seen at 3, 6, and 12 months, at which time skin prick tests and serum immunoglobulin levels were repeated (eAppendix in Supplement 2). Blood was also collected to screen for filaggrin gene mutations, which have been associated with defective skin barrier and atopic dermatitis.¹⁴ Patients who had received a placebo patch in the first year were initially rerandomized to 50-μg, 100-μg, or 250-μg doses at entry into the 2-year, open-label extension; at 6 months, all were switched to 250 μg, which was found to be the most efficacious dose. Patients were instructed to refrain from peanut consumption throughout the trials, except during the food challenge.

The primary efficacy end point of the phase 2b trial was the percentage of treatment responders after 12 months of therapy. Patients were considered responders if the eliciting dose during the posttreatment food challenge was 1000 mg or more of peanut protein and/or 10-times or more greater than the eliciting dose prior to treatment. The initial responder criterion of a 10-times or more increase in threshold was adapted from the National Institutes of Health–sponsored Consortium of Food Allergy Research sublingual immunotherapy trial¹⁵ and a recent epicutaneous immunotherapy trial.¹⁶

Secondary efficacy end points included the percentage of responders in each of the 2 predetermined age strata (6-11 years [children] and 12-55 years [adolescents/adults]); mean cumulative reactive dose (sum of all food challenge doses received at development of objective clinical symptoms) at month 12 and change from baseline; and changes in severity of symptoms (sum of all symptoms during food challenges), skin prick test wheal size (wheal diameter measured successively for undiluted and 1/10, 1/100, 1/1000, and 1/10 000 dilutions), and serum peanut-specific IgE and IgG4 levels following 12 months of treatment (4 additional secondary end points not presented in this report are listed in the eAppendix in Supplement 2). Safety end points included the type, frequency, and severity of treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs), serious AEs, and premature discontinuation. Compliance was defined as the total number of patches dispensed minus the number returned, divided by the number of days within the treatment period. Patients graded application site skin reactions (erythema/redness, pruritus/itching, or edema/swelling) or cutaneous symptoms daily for the first 3 months and whenever symptoms occurred thereafter. The grading scale for each symptom ranged from 0 to 3 (0 = absent; 1 = mild; 2 = moderate; and 3 = severe) (eAppendix in Supplement 2). Skin symptoms were also assessed by investigators at each study visit. End points for the 2-year open-label extension were the same as for the randomized trial.

A sample size of 47 patients per treatment group was determined to retain 90% power to detect an absolute difference (250 μg minus placebo) in the primary end point of 30% (assuming a placebo response rate of 10%); 2-sided α < .05. This response estimate was agreed on with the US Food and Drug Administration. Assuming a 15% dropout rate, as seen in other studies, 221 patients were randomized.

The overall type I error rate for the primary analyses was controlled through a prespecified fixed-sequence testing strategy (pairwise comparisons between 250 μg, 100 μg, and 50 μg vs placebo). Accordingly, testing would cease beyond the first observed P value less than or equal to .05. All other outcomes in this study were considered exploratory. However, an interaction between age categories (ie, children and adolescents/adults) and each treatment group (vs placebo) for the primary end point was carried out to identify the need for any subgroup analysis. For the primary end point, if the month 12 eliciting dose was missing, the patient would be defaulted to count as a nonresponder (last-observation-carried-forward).

The primary analysis was intention to treat. Sensitivity analyses for consistency of the primary end point were performed (per-protocol analysis; worst-case imputation method; multiple imputation¹⁷). For secondary end points, missing data were addressed through several sensitivity analyses (default nonresponder, multiple imputation, or no imputation).

Treatment effects on eliciting dose, cumulative reactive dose, skin prick test, and immunological markers (IgE, IgG4) were compared with placebo. Adverse events reported in patients who had at least 1 patch application were summarized (eAppendix in Supplement 2). For the 2-year, open-label study, variability estimates (confidence intervals or quartile [Q] 1, Q3) were presented for descriptive purposes. No tests of significance were conducted. SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute) and Stata/IC (version 15; StataCorp) were used for all analyses.

A total of 221 patients (median age, 11 years [Q1, Q3: 8, 16]; 37.6% female) were randomized (53, 56, and 56 patients to 50-μg, 100-μg, and 250-μg peanut patches, respectively, and 56 to placebo patch) across 22 study sites (Figure 1). Baseline distributions of age, peanut-specific IgE or IgG4 levels, skin prick test wheal diameter, or peanut protein eliciting doses in the 4 study groups were balanced (Table 1). There were 113 children (aged 6-11 years), 73 adolescents (aged 12-17 years), and 35 adults (aged 18-55 years) randomized; the median eliciting doses for children and adolescents/adults were 30 mg (Q1, Q3: 1, 100) and 100 mg (Q1, Q3: 30, 300), respectively (eFigure 2 in Supplement 2). At 12 months, overall compliance with treatment in the phase 2b trial was 97.6% (Q1, Q3: 93, 100); 6.3% of patients discontinued the study prematurely.

Primary efficacy results on the intention-to-treat population are presented in Table 2. The observed month 12 absolute difference in response rates between the 250-μg patch (n = 28; 50.0%) and placebo patch (n = 14; 25.0%) was 25% (95% CI, 7.7%-42.3%; P = .01), thus achieving statistical significance. This corresponded to an estimated number-needed-to-treat of 4. The response rate for the 100-μg patch was 41.1%, for a difference from placebo of 16.1% (95% CI, −1.1% to 33.2%; P = .11), which failed to achieve statistical significance. Hence, in concordance with the prespecified fixed-sequential testing strategy, a formal 50-μg placebo hypothesis test was not conducted.

Sensitivity analyses for the 250-μg patch vs placebo patch comparison of the primary end point using different methods supported robustness of the primary analysis (eTable 2 and eTable 3 in Supplement 2).

As shown in Table 2, the interaction by age group was only significant for the 250-μg patch (P = .04). Response rates at month 12 in children (53.6%) were greater than for the placebo patch (19.4%; difference, 34.2%; 95% CI, 11.1%-57.3%; P = .008). Similar analyses in the adolescent/adult stratum showed no differences between the placebo patch (32%) and the 250-μg patch (46.4%; difference, 14.4%; 95% CI, −11.6% to 40.4%; P = .40).

The mean cumulative reactive dose at month 12 was greater for the 250-μg patch (1117.8 mg) than for the placebo patch (469.3 mg) overall (least squares [LS] mean difference, 336.2; 95% CI, 110.9-739.7) and for the children stratum (250-μg patch: 1211.9 mg; placebo patch: 239.1 mg; LS mean difference, 333.7; 95% CI, 92.5-887.6) (eTable 4 in Supplement 2). No meaningful differences between the peanut patch and placebo patch were observed in the adolescent/adult stratum. Although many patients received larger challenge doses at month 12, symptom severity showed no significant differences between baseline and month 12 within treatment groups in the overall population (eTable 5 in Supplement 2).

The evolution of peanut-specific IgE and IgG4 levels over the 12-month period is presented in Figure 2. Compared with the placebo patch, median peanut-specific IgE levels increased numerically over the first 3 to 6 months overall in patients treated with the 50-μg, 100-μg, and 250-μg peanut patches, followed by a gradual decrease to near baseline levels at month 12.

Peanut-specific IgG4 levels increased progressively over the 12-month period with peanut patches overall, while minor fluctuations were observed with the placebo patch (Figure 2). At month 12, mean peanut-specific IgG4 levels were greater for the 250-μg patch than for the placebo patch (LS mean difference, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4-3.24) overall (eTable 6 in Supplement 2). The observed LS mean differences for the 50-μg and 100-μg patches were 1.3 (95% CI, 0.7-2.0) and 1.3 (95% CI, 0.8-2.1), respectively.

The peanut skin prick test median wheal diameters over the 12-month period for the undiluted and 1/10 and 1/100 diluted test samples are presented in eFigure 3 in Supplement 2. The outputs for the 1/1000 and 1/10 000 dilutions are not shown, as the effects beyond 1/100 dilutions were not informative. A decrease in skin prick test median wheal diameter was observed for the undiluted and diluted test samples from month 6 to 12 in patients treated with the 50-μg, 100-μg, and 250-μg peanut patches; this trend was not observed in the placebo patch group.

All TEAEs are summarized in Table 3. During the phase 2b period, occurrence of TEAEs and TEAE event rates were balanced across all peanut patch–treated groups. TEAEs related to the investigational product occurred approximately twice as often in the peanut-patch groups when compared with the placebo-patch group: 96.2% for the 50-μg peanut patch, 94.6% for the 100-μg peanut patch, and 96.4% for the 250-μg peanut patch vs 48.2% for the placebo patch, primarily during the first months of treatment. TEAEs leading to study discontinuation were rare. Serious TEAEs occurred infrequently in all treated groups.

Local skin reactions were the most common adverse symptoms reported (Figure 3). Skin reactions of grades 1 to 3 generally occurred during the first month of treatment in most patients as patch application duration increased, but such symptoms lasted less than 3 months in half of the patients. Only 3 of 165 peanut patch–treated patients discontinued because of AEs: 1 for an AE unrelated to the peanut patch and 2 (0.9%) for local dermatitis at the site of patch application, 4 months and 9 months after initiating therapy.

The rate of patients with more generalized allergic TEAEs was approximately 25%, including mostly cutaneous reactions extending beyond the borders of the patch (approximately 18%). One case of nonserious moderate anaphylaxis was reported as possibly related to therapy (eAppendix in Supplement 2). Overall, 20 serious AEs were recorded in 17 patients, none related to the study drug (14 during food challenges). Three patients experienced serious AEs of moderate severity following accidental peanut ingestion, resulting in visits to an emergency department: a 6-year-old child with the 50-μg peanut patch and 2 adults, 1 with the 50-μg peanut patch and 1 with the 250-μg peanut patch; all were discharged several hours later after receiving an epinephrine injection. In addition, no differences in AEs were identified in patients with atopic dermatitis or with heterozygous (25 patients [15.8%]) or homozygous (2 patients [1.3%]) filaggrin gene mutations.

Of the 207 patients completing the 1-year, blinded phase 2b trial, 171 (82.6%) were enrolled in the 2-year, open-label extension: 97 of 113 children (85.8%) and 74 of 108 adolescents/adults (68.5%). Within 6 months of completing the phase 2b trial, all enrolled patients were transitioned to the 250-μg peanut patch for the remainder of the study. Of 171 patients enrolled in the open-label extension study, 3 withdrew from the study before receiving treatment with the 250-μg patch. Of 168 patients who received the 250-μg patch in the open-label extension study, 57 switched to the 250-μg patch at month 6: 22 patients who received the 50-μg patch in the phase 2b study received the 50-μg patch at open-label extension entry before switching to the 250-μg patch at month 6; 20 patients who received the 100-μg patch in the phase 2b study received the 100-μg patch at open-label extension study entry before switching to the 250-μg patch at month 6; 7 patients who received the placebo patch in the phase 2b study received the 50-μg patch at open-label extension entry before switching to the 250-μg patch at month 6; and 8 patients who received the placebo patch in the phase 2b study received the 100-μg patch at open-label extension entry before switching to the 250-μg patch at month 6.

All patients underwent a food challenge at months 12 and 24 of the extension. Based on the per-protocol population, the response rates at months 12 and 24 in the overall population were 59.7% (89/149) and 64.5% (80/124), respectively. During the open-label extension, 54 of 171 patients overall (31.6%) discontinued for various reasons, 2 (1.2%) because of AEs (including 1 TEAE). Median treatment compliance during the open-label extension was 95.5% (Q1, Q3: 89, 99). Occurrence of TEAEs was 93% (159/171) and 62% (106/171) in years 1 and 2 of the extension, respectively (Table 3). Local skin reactions decreased over time but continued to be the most common adverse symptoms reported. During the extension, TEAEs, severe TEAEs, and TEAEs related to the investigational product occurred largely during year 1 (93%).

Per-protocol response rates in children at months 12 and 24 of the extension were 63.3% and 68.4%, respectively (eTable 7 in Supplement 2). Similar analyses in the adolescent/adult stratum showed a response rate of 54.2% and 57.8% at months 12 and 24, respectively. During the extension, median compliance was 95.7% (Q1, Q3: 89, 99) in children; although 16% of this cohort dropped out, none of the discontinuations for TEAEs were related to the investigational product.

In this phase 2b dose-ranging trial of peanut-allergic patients aged 6 to 55 years, the 250-μg peanut patch resulted in significant treatment response vs the placebo patch, as determined by increases in eliciting dose during the double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges at baseline and after 1 year of therapy. The rates of TEAEs were similar across all peanut-patch dosages in the first year, although AEs related to the patch were more frequent in peanut-patch groups compared with the placebo-patch group. Reactions were mostly mild to moderate in severity, and they lasted less than 3 months in half of the patients treated.

Following 12 months of epicutaneous immunotherapy, the primary end point was achieved with the 250-μg peanut patch in the overall group and in exploratory analyses of children aged 6 to 11 years. The greatest effect was seen with the 250-μg peanut patch in children, with approximately 50% achieving the primary end point at 12 months. (Based on these results and following consultation with the US Food and Drug Administration, a phase 3 trial was initiated in children aged 4 to 11 years using the 250-μg peanut patch.) The 2-year, open-label extension demonstrated compliance rates similar to the phase 2b trial, with no increase in the rate of patch-related TEAEs.

The 25% response rate of placebo-patch patients was considerably greater than the projected rate (10%) and higher than reported in other studies. The reason for this finding is not clear but may be owing to the challenge procedure and prespecified response criteria. To our knowledge, this is the largest trial to use the PRACTALL food challenge guidelines,¹³ which initiate food challenges at very low doses (1 mg) of food protein and then increase the dose by semilog quantities. The variability of response to food challenges at such low doses (doses at which the highest rate of placebo response occurred in this study) has never been evaluated, especially in the adolescent/adult group. Also, most placebo responders fulfilled the criterion of a 10-times increase over the baseline threshold challenge dose, which was adapted from the National Institutes of Health–sponsored Consortium of Food Allergy Research trial of epicutaneous immunotherapy¹⁶ and which may not have provided adequate stringency for response.

In the a priori calculations of sample size and statistical power, a 30% absolute difference for the primary end point between active drug and placebo was assumed. This absolute difference was not achieved with the overall group, owing at least in part to the unexpectedly high placebo response, but was met (34.2%) with the children’s group.

Recently, Baumert and colleagues¹⁸ sought to quantify the clinical benefit of increasing thresholds of reactivity in peanut-allergic patients by modeling exposures to peanut protein with individual threshold levels established in various published clinical trials. Using US consumption data for various food product categories, they found that increasing the baseline threshold from 100 mg or less to 300 mg of peanut protein would reduce the risk of an allergic reaction by more than 95% for 4 food product categories that could contain trace levels of peanut residue. Greater increases in the threshold to 1000 mg had additional quantitative benefits in reducing risk for patients reacting to 300 mg or less of peanut protein at baseline.

This phase 2b trial and extension study, which included an older and significantly larger patient population enrolled in more diverse study sites in North America and Europe, further validated the clinical efficacy, serological changes, safety, and compliance reported in the Consortium of Food Allergy Research epicutaneous immunotherapy trial.¹⁶ In addition, it provides information on the long-term daily use of the 250-ug patch.

Given the lack of placebo control for comparison in the extension study (as required by several study site institutional review boards), conclusions regarding potential benefits of more prolonged epicutaneous immunotherapy are not possible. The reason for the different therapeutic response in adolescents/adults compared with children is not clear, but it may be owing to the application site of the patch (ie, upper inner arm vs back), relatively lower dose on a per-weight/surface area basis compared with children, relatively smaller patch size relative to total body surface area, less permeable stratum corneum, and possibly less immunologic plasticity in older patients. Studies in murine models have shown that higher doses and exposure to larger surface areas increase efficacy,¹⁹ and studies are under way to optimize peanut patches for adolescents/adults.

This study has several limitations. First, the primary end point (10-times increase in challenge threshold) may not have been sufficiently stringent for the lowest food challenge doses (1, 3, and 10 mg of peanut protein), which contributed to the higher than expected rate of placebo responders. Second, the sample size of each treatment group was relatively small and therefore, the study was not powered to detect a dose-response gradient. Third, the study was not designed to detect an age effect independent of a treatment effect, and the interaction by age group was not significant for the 2 lower doses. Fourth, the open-label extension had no placebo control. Fifth, exclusion of patients with a history of severe anaphylaxis (as done in all other food immunotherapy trials that include food challenges) may influence the results of the study, especially those related to safety and tolerability end points.

In this dose-ranging trial of peanut-allergic patients, the 250-μg peanut patch resulted in significant treatment response vs placebo patch following 12 months of therapy. These findings warrant a phase 3 trial.

Corresponding Author: Hugh A. Sampson, MD, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Pediatrics, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1089, New York, NY 10029-6574 (hugh.sampson@mssm.edu).

Accepted for Publication: October 6, 2017.

Author Contributions: Dr Shreffler had full access to all the study data and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Sampson, Dupont.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.

Drafting of the manuscript: Sampson, Dupont.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Sampson, Shreffler, Yang, Sussman, Brown-Whitehorn, Nadeau, Cheema, Leonard, Pongracic, Sauvage-Delebarre, Assa'ad, de Blay, Bird, Tilles, Boralevi, Bourrier, Hebert, Green, Gerth van Wijk, Knulst, Schneider, Kowalski, Dupont.

Statistical analysis: Sampson, Shreffler, Dupont.

Obtained funding: Yang, Sussman.

Administrative, technical, or material support: All authors.

Supervision: Sampson, Yang, Sussman, Nadeau, Cheema, Pongracic, de Blay, Green, Kanny, Dupont.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Dr Sampson reports being a part-time employee of DBV Technologies; receiving consultant fees from Allertein Therapeutics, UCB, and Hycor and personal fees from UpToDate; holding stock options in DBV Technologies and Allertein Therapeutics; receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and Food Allergy Research & Education; and co-owning a patent on FAHF-2. Dr Yang reported receiving research support from DBV Technologies during the conduct of the study. Dr Sussman reported receiving research support and consulting fees from DBV Technologies during the conduct of the study, as well as grants, consulting fees, and research support from Novartis; grants, consulting fees, and speaker fees from Aralez; consulting fees and research support from Merck, BioCryst, CSL Behring, and Dyax; grants and research support from Genentech; consulting fees from Pfizer; research support from GlaxoSmithKline, Stallergenes, GreenCross, and Kendrion; and grants from Aimmune Therapeutics outside the submitted work. Dr Brown-Whitehorn reported receiving consulting fees from DBV Technologies outside the submitted work. Dr Leonard reported that her institution received research support during the conduct of the study from DBV Technologies; she received support as a board member and a research grant from Food Allergy Research and Education (FARE); and her institution received research support from Aimmune Therapeutics and DBV Technologies. Dr Pongracic received nonfinancial and other support from DBV Technologies during the conduct of the study, as well as other support related to investigator meetings from Aimmune Therapeutics and nonfinancial support from Genentech/Novartis outside the submitted work; and her institution received research funding from Aimmune Therapeutics. Dr Assa’ad reported that her institution received research support and nonfinancial support from DBV Technologies during the conduct of the study, as well as research and nonfinancial support from Aimmune and Astellas outside the submitted work. Dr de Blay reported receiving grants and/or personal fees from Stallergenes Greer, Chiesi, ALK, Mundipharma, and Novartis, as well as serving as a board member for Stallergenes Greer, Novartis, ALK, Mundipharma, Meda Pharma, Boehringer, and AstraZeneca. Dr Bird reported receiving support for travel to meetings for the study or other purposes and his institution received research support during the conduct of the study from DBV Technologies; he received support as a board member at FARE, consultant fees from Aimmune Therapeutics and Wedbush Consulting, and speaking fees from Aimmune Therapeutics and DBV Technologies; and his institution received research support from Aimmune Therapeutics, DBV Technologies, the Foundation of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, and Nestle Health Sciences unrelated to the study. Dr Tilles reported receiving grants and/or personal fees from DBV Technologies, Aimmune, Astellas, Sanofi, Genentech, Immune Intolerance Network, Stanford University, Amgen, Circassia, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Novartis, Pulmagen Therapeutics, Teva, Mylan, AstraZeneca, and FARE outside the submitted work. Dr Bourrier reported receiving personal fees from DBV Technologies during the conduct of the study, as well as nonfinancial support and/or personal fees from Stallergenes, Nestle, ALK, Mead Johnson, Novalac, and Thermo Fisher Scientific outside the submitted work. Dr Hébert reports receiving research support from DBV Technologies during the conduct of the study, as well as personal fees from GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Shire, and CSL Behring outside the submitted work. Dr Green reported receiving research support from DBV Technologies during the conduct of the study, as well as research support and consultant fees from Aimmune Therapeutics and grants from FARE outside the submitted work. Dr Gerth van Wijk reported receiving grants from DBV Technologies during the conduct of the study, as well as personal fees from ALK-Abelló, Allergopharma, and Novartis and grants from Biomay, STW, and the Netherlands Lung Foundation outside the submitted work. Dr Knulst reported receiving research support from DBV Technologies during the conduct of the study. Dr Kanny reported receiving research support from DBV Technologies during the conduct of the study. Dr Schneider reported receiving research support from DBV Technologies during the conduct of the study and serving on the Medical Advisory Board for FARE. Dr Dupont is cofounder of DBV Technologies, holds stock in DBV, and has received an honorarium for chairing DBV Technologies’ Scientific Advisory Board. Dr Dupont also has patents related to a patch for screening the sensitivity state of patients with respect to an allergen and use thereof, immunotherapeutic method for increasing groundnut tolerance in a patient, and epicutaneous immunorebalancing. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: The study was sponsored by DBV Technologies and conducted under an Investigational New Drug application to the US Food and Drug Administration and Clinical Trial Approvals in Canada and European countries.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: DBV Technologies was involved in the design and general oversight of the study but not in the collection and management of the data; analysis and interpretation of the data included contributions from DBV-employed and -contracted statisticians; and nonauthor contributors from DBV Technologies were involved in the preparation, review, approval, and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. DBV did not have the right or ability to veto the authors’ final decision to submit the manuscript for publication. All data were collected electronically, managed, analyzed, and locked by the contract research organization (PRA Health Sciences) prior to being released to the authors. An independent data and safety monitoring board oversaw the study conduct and reviewed blinded and unblinded safety data (eAppendix in Supplement 2).

Additional Contributions: Nonauthor contributions were made by Wenceslas Agbotounou, PhD, MBA, Pierre-Henri Benhamou, MD, and Laurent Martin, PharmD, MBA, who are compensated employees of DBV Technologies and were involved in the concept and design of the study. Aurėlie Peillon, MSc, and Robin Mukherjee, PhD, are compensated employees of DBV Technologies who were responsible for acquisition, statistical analyses, and interpretation of data; further statistical support was provided by Soutrik Banerjee, MD, PhD, from Altizem, Boulogne, France, a paid vendor. Jean-Michel Germain, PhD, and Serena Germano, PhD, are compensated employees of DBV Technologies and provided administrative, technical, or material support. Editorial support was provided by Imprint Science, New York, New York, and was funded by DBV Technologies. PRA Health Sciences was the contract research organization for the trial and was also responsible for monitoring all investigational sites, which included ensuring completeness and accuracy of data entries in the case report forms compared with patients’ source documents and adherence to good clinical practices and applicable regulatory requirements. PRA International was responsible for data management and statistical analyses, which included standard edit checks for data accuracy and consistency, as well as production of statistical outputs. In addition, checks of data integrity were performed by DBV Technologies, which included site visits and site audits, as well as contract research organization oversight.