Effect of Tumor-Treating Fields Plus Maintenance Temozolomide vs Maintenance Temozolomide Alone on Survival in Patients With Glioblastoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Key Points

Question  Does the use of tumor-treating fields (TTFields), consisting of low-intensity, alternating electric fields delivered via transducer arrays applied to the scalp, when added to maintenance temozolomide chemotherapy, improve progression-free survival for patients with glioblastoma?

Findings  In this randomized clinical trial involving 695 patients with glioblastoma who had completed initial radiochemotherapy, median progression-free survival from randomization was 6.7 months in the TTFields plus temozolomide group and 4.0 months in the temozolomide-alone group (hazard ratio, 0.63), a significant difference.

Meaning  Among patients with glioblastoma, the addition of TTFields to maintenance temozolomide chemotherapy resulted in statistically significant improvement in survival. These results are consistent with those reported in a previous interim analysis.

Importance  Tumor-treating fields (TTFields) is an antimitotic treatment modality that interferes with glioblastoma cell division and organelle assembly by delivering low-intensity alternating electric fields to the tumor.

Objective  To investigate whether TTFields improves progression-free and overall survival of patients with glioblastoma, a fatal disease that commonly recurs at the initial tumor site or in the central nervous system.

Design, Setting, and Participants  In this randomized, open-label trial, 695 patients with glioblastoma whose tumor was resected or biopsied and had completed concomitant radiochemotherapy (median time from diagnosis to randomization, 3.8 months) were enrolled at 83 centers (July 2009-2014) and followed up through December 2016. A preliminary report from this trial was published in 2015; this report describes the final analysis.

Interventions  Patients were randomized 2:1 to TTFields plus maintenance temozolomide chemotherapy (n = 466) or temozolomide alone (n = 229). The TTFields, consisting of low-intensity, 200 kHz frequency, alternating electric fields, was delivered (≥ 18 hours/d) via 4 transducer arrays on the shaved scalp and connected to a portable device. Temozolomide was administered to both groups (150-200 mg/m²) for 5 days per 28-day cycle (6-12 cycles).

Main Outcomes and Measures  Progression-free survival (tested at α = .046). The secondary end point was overall survival (tested hierarchically at α = .048). Analyses were performed for the intent-to-treat population. Adverse events were compared by group.

Results  Of the 695 randomized patients (median age, 56 years; IQR, 48-63; 473 men [68%]), 637 (92%) completed the trial. Median progression-free survival from randomization was 6.7 months in the TTFields-temozolomide group and 4.0 months in the temozolomide-alone group (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.52-0.76; P < .001). Median overall survival was 20.9 months in the TTFields-temozolomide group vs 16.0 months in the temozolomide-alone group (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.53-0.76; P < .001). Systemic adverse event frequency was 48% in the TTFields-temozolomide group and 44% in the temozolomide-alone group. Mild to moderate skin toxicity underneath the transducer arrays occurred in 52% of patients who received TTFields-temozolomide vs no patients who received temozolomide alone.

Conclusions and Relevance  In the final analysis of this randomized clinical trial of patients with glioblastoma who had received standard radiochemotherapy, the addition of TTFields to maintenance temozolomide chemotherapy vs maintenance temozolomide alone, resulted in statistically significant improvement in progression-free survival and overall survival. These results are consistent with the previous interim analysis.

Trial Registration  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00916409

Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor with an annual incidence of 3.19 per 100 000.^1-5 The disease course is typically rapid, with only approximately 1 in 4 patients alive 2 years after diagnosis, and only 5% to 10% of patients alive at 5 years.^1,6,7

Since the current standard of care was established, consisting of surgical resection or biopsy, followed by radiotherapy with concomitant temozolomide chemotherapy, followed by maintenance temozolomide for 6 to 12 months,⁶ little progress has been made in the treatment of this disease.^3,8,9 Most trials have shown median progression-free survival and median overall survival from diagnosis of 6.2 to 7.5 months and 14.6 to 16.7 months, respectively.^4-6,8

Tumor-treating fields (TTFields) are an antimitotic treatment that selectively affects dividing glioblastoma cells by delivering low-intensity, intermediate-frequency (200 kHz) alternating electric fields via transducer arrays applied to the scalp.^10,11 Tumor-treating fields cause mitotic arrest and apoptosis of rapidly dividing cells.^10,11 Preclinical studies demonstrated increased sensitivity to chemotherapy with the addition of TTFields in human glioblastoma cell lines and in animal tumor models.¹² In a randomized phase 3 trial involving 237 patients with recurrent glioblastoma whose several lines of prior therapy had failed, TTFields monotherapy was compared with the treating physicians’ best choice of salvage chemotherapy. Although no survival difference was observed, the higher objective response rate (12% vs 7%) suggested single-modality activity of TTFields.¹³

In 2009, this randomized phase 3 clinical trial was initiated, comparing maintenance temozolomide alone with maintenance temozolomide in combination with TTFields among patients with glioblastoma. A preplanned interim analysis involving the first 315 patients randomized was previously reported and demonstrated improved progression-free and overall survival.¹⁴ This article reports the final analysis involving all 695 randomized patients, with a median follow-up of 40 months and a minimum follow-up of 24 months.

The study was approved by the institutional review boards or ethics committees of all participating centers, and all patients provided written informed consent before entering the study. The trial protocol and statistical analysis plan are included in Supplement 1.

Patients eligible for this study were aged 18 years or older, had a Karnofsky performance score of 70 or higher (a score of ≥70 ensures independence in activities of daily living), and had newly diagnosed and histologically confirmed supratentorial glioblastoma (World Health Organization [WHO] grade IV astrocytoma¹⁵). All participants had undergone maximal safe debulking surgery when feasible or biopsy and had completed standard radiotherapy with concomitant temozolomide at the time of enrollment. Prior use of implanted carmustine wafers was allowed. Patients with evidence of progressive disease following radiochemotherapy, infratentorial tumor location, and severe comorbidities were excluded. Adequate hematological, liver, and kidney function tests to allow for temozolomide chemotherapy were required.^6,14,16

This multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical phase 3 trial, recruited 695 patients at 83 sites in North America, Europe, the Republic of Korea, and Israel. The trial was designed to test the efficacy and safety of TTFields in combination with best standard of care in the treatment of newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Patients were randomized after the end of radiochemotherapy at a ratio of 2:1 to receive standard maintenance temozolomide chemotherapy (150-200 mg/m²/d for 5 days every 28 days for 6 cycles) with or without the addition of TTFields. Tumor treating fields treatment was to be initiated at least 4 weeks but not more than 7 weeks from the last day of radiotherapy. Maintenance temozolomide was delivered in 28-day cycles according to the protocol established by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Brain Tumor and Radiotherapy Groups and the National Cancer Institute of Canada (NCIC) Clinical Trials Group.⁶ Extension of the duration of maintenance temozolomide beyond 6 cycles was allowed per local practice. Randomization was performed using a central web-based randomization system and was stratified by extent of resection (biopsy, partial resection, gross total resection) and by the methylation status of the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene promoter (methylated, unmethylated, unknown).

Treatment with TTFields was delivered through 4 transducer arrays with 9 insulated electrodes each placed on the shaved scalp and connected to a portable device set to generate 200-kHz electric fields within the brain (Optune, Novocure Inc). Transducer array layouts were determined using a TTFields mapping software system to optimize field intensity within the treated tumor (NovoTAL, Novocure Inc). Patients were trained by the nursing staff and device technician to operate the device independently, replace transducer arrays, and troubleshoot any alarm conditions (eg, disconnected cables). All treatment was delivered on an outpatient basis and at home. The transducer arrays were supplied in individual sterile packages, and replaced by the patient, a caregiver, or a device technician twice a week. Although uninterrupted treatment was recommended, the patient could take short treatment breaks to tend to personal needs. The patient was advised to continue treatment for no fewer than 18 hours a day.

If tumor progression occurred, second-line therapy was offered per local practice. However, in the experimental group, TTFields could be continued until second radiologic progression occurred or for a maximum of 24 months.

Patients diagnosed with glioblastoma who had undergone surgical resection or biopsy and had received standard radiochemotherapy were randomized to receive either TTFields plus temozolomide or temozolomide alone between July 2009 and December 2014 (Figure 1). The database was locked for final analysis on December 28, 2016. Baseline contrast–enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was required within 2 weeks before starting treatment with maintenance temozolomide with or without TTFields. A complete physical examination and laboratory parameters were performed within 1 week of treatment start. Evaluation also included the EORTC QLQ-C30 quality-of-life questionnaire with its brain-specific module (BN-20)^17,18 and a Mini-Mental State Examination (a test result of 27-30 points is considered normal function). Patients were seen monthly for medical follow-up and routine laboratory examinations. Quality of life was assessed every 3 months.

Adverse events were recorded for 2 months after treatment discontinuation according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC) v3.0. Adverse events were presented descriptively as number and percentage of patients with each adverse event term for all patients available at the time of the analysis.

Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at 2-month intervals until second progression. In the event of clinical progression, MRI was to be performed within 1 week after the investigator had become aware of it. All MRIs were reviewed by 2 blinded central independent radiologists (BioClinica Inc) and were evaluated for tumor response and progression (Macdonald criteria¹⁹). For cases in which the 2 reviewers were not in agreement, a third blinded radiologist adjudicated between them.

In patients with paraffin-embedded tumor tissue available, evaluation of the MGMT methylation status was performed using quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction^3,20 by a central laboratory licensed by MDxHealth. If the MGMT methylation status could not be determined centrally prior to randomization, local MGMT methylation status was used for stratification. All data analyses were based on the central blinded assessment.

Patients were included based on initial local histological diagnosis. A retrospective pathology review and evaluation of molecular testing was performed by a neuropathologist (B.L.) and molecular biologist (M.E.H.). Deletion of chromosomal arms 1p and 19q and amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were evaluated by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC), or both; and the mutation status of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene was determined by immunohistochemistry for the most common mutant IDH1-R132H as described previously.²¹ For cases in which insufficient tissue was available for EGFR FISH, the result of EGFR IHC was used as a surrogate (Hirsch score, ≥200 amplified; <200, not amplified).²²

The primary end point was progression-free survival, and the secondary end point was overall survival, with analyses conducted in the intent-to-treat population.

The protocol defined that overall survival would be analyzed in a per-protocol population including only patients who received their original allocated treatments. However, 26 patients (11%) in the temozolomide-alone control group crossed over and received TTFields after December 2014, following release of the results of the interim analysis of the trial. These 26 patients had more favorable baseline characteristics than the rest of the control patients (MGMT methylated, 48%; Karnofsky performance score, 80-100; time from end of radiotherapy to randomization, 31 days) and received more cycles of temozolomide (median, 10.5 cycles). To avoid possible bias, these patients were analyzed as randomized in the control group according to the intent-to-treat principle.

Other predefined exploratory end points were percentage of patients alive and progression free at 6 months, annualized survival rates, quality of life, Mini-Mental State Examination, and Karnofsky performance score. The quality-of-life data are not reported in this article.

For the primary end point of progression-free survival, the calculated sample size was 700 patients aimed to detect a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.78 or less, with 80% power allowing for 10% loss to follow-up and a 2-sided α = .05. Overall survival was a powered secondary end point in the study (80% power; HR, 0.76; 2-sided α = .05). To avoid multiplicity, overall survival was to be tested statistically only if the primary end point of the study was met.

To allow for 2 analyses in the trial, the final type I error of 0.05 was split between the interim and final analyses based on a standard α spending function (Lan and DeMets^23,24). The primary end point at the final analysis would be achieved if progression-free survival was significantly longer in the TTFields plus temozolomide group using a stratified log-rank test (stratified by the randomization strata) with an α of .046 (an α of 0.014 was spent on the interim analysis).

The secondary end point would be achieved at the final analysis if overall survival was significantly longer in the TTFields plus temozolomide group using a stratified log-rank test with an α of .048 (an α of .006 was spent on the interim analysis).

For the analysis of progression-free survival patients were censored for progression when treatment was changed before evidence of progression (at the date of treatment change), at the date of their last MRI if lost to follow up, or upon reaching the cutoff date without progression. For the analysis of overall survival, patients without a known date of death were censored at the last known date they were documented to be alive.

The exploratory end points of annual survival rates and the rate of progression-free survival at 6 months were compared between groups using a 1-sided Z distribution of the Kaplan-Meier estimates of the survival rates at the defined time point. In addition, the Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze both progression-free survival and overall survival controlling for treatment group, age, sex, MGMT methylation status (as determined by the central laboratory), tumor location in the brain, and country of residence (United States vs all other countries). The threshold for significant interactions in the model was specified at an α of .05.

Post hoc analyses of prespecified subgroups (MGMT promoter methylation status, extent of resection (complete, partial resection, or biopsy), age (continuous), performance status (90-100 vs ≤80), sex, and geographic region (United States vs the rest of the world) was performed using a multivariate analysis testing the difference between treatment groups while controlling for the other prognostic factors.

Differences in the incidence of adverse events between groups was tested using a χ² test at an α of .05. The incidence of adverse events was also compared between groups after normalizing the incidence to the average treatment duration per group. Differences in the time to decline in Karnofsky performance score and Mini-Mental State Examination were tested using a log-rank test at an α of .05. All analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4.

Four hundred and sixty-six patients were randomized to receive TTFields plus temozolomide and 229 to receive temozolomide alone (Figure 1). Patient baseline characteristics were balanced between the 2 groups (Table 1). The median age was 56 years (interquartile range [IQR], 48-63 years), 68% were men, and median Karnofsky performance score was 90%. Eighty-nine percent of patients were white, and 49% of the patients were treated in the United States.

Fifty-four percent had undergone a gross total resection (>95% of the tumor removed; as assessed and reported by the surgeon), 13% of patients had a diagnostic biopsy only. Histological slides for central pathology review were available for 434 of 695 patients (62%). The local diagnosis of glioblastoma was confirmed in 419 of 434 patients (97%). For 6 cases WHO grade II or III diagnoses were made, and for the remaining 9 patients, the available tissue for review did not allow for a definitive diagnosis or showed no tumor, yet all these patients were included in the intent-to-treat analysis. Tumor tissue for MGMT testing was available for 82% of the patients; of the cases with a valid test (518 of 571) 41% were MGMT methylated (40% TTFields plus temozolomide group and 45% for the temozolomide-only group). In 7% of tumors, expression of the IDH1-R132H mutant was demonstrated by a positive immunohistochemistry, EGFR was amplified in 40%.

Tumor location (lobe, hemisphere) in the brain was also comparable between the groups. The median time from histological diagnosis to randomization was 3.8 months (range, 1.7-6.2 months) for patients in the TTFields plus temozolomide group, and 3.7 months (range, 1.4-6.3 months) for those in the temozolomide-only group. Median time from the end of radiotherapy to randomization was 37 days in the TTFields plus temozolomide group and 36 days in the temozolomide-only group and occurred in most patients after starting of the first cycle of maintenance temozolomide. Median time from randomization to TTFields was 5 days (IQR, 3-7 days).

All patients had completed radiotherapy and concomitant temozolomide as per local practice. The median number of temozolomide cycles until first tumor progression was 6 (range, 0-51) for the TTFields plus temozolomide group and 5 (range, 0-33) for the temozolomide-only group; the median duration of TTFields treatment was 8.2 months (range, 0-82 months), 51% (n = 237) of patients continued TTFields after the first progression.

After a median follow-up of 40 months (IQR, 34-66 months), and a minimum follow-up of 24 months, the primary end point of median progression-free survival was 6.7 months (95% CI, 6.1-8.1 months) for patients treated with TTFields plus temozolomide vs 4.0 months (95% CI, 3.8-4.4 months) for patients treated with temozolomide alone, for a proportional hazard ratio (HR) of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.52-0.76; P < .001; stratified log-rank test; Figure 2A). For the secondary end point of overall survival, the median survival duration from randomization was 20.9 months (95% CI, 19.3-22.7 months) in the TTFields plus temozolomide group vs 16.0 months (95% CI, 14.0-18.4 months) in the temozolomide-only group, proportional HR of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.53-0.76; P < .001; stratified log-rank test; Figure 2B).

In exploratory analyses, the percentage of patients alive at 2 years from randomization was 43% (95% CI, 39%-48%); at 3 years, 26% (95% CI, 22%-31%), and at 5 years, 13% (95% CI, 9%-18%) in the TTFields plus temozolomide group and for the temozolomide-only group at 2 years was 31% (95% CI, 25%-38%; P < .001); at 3 years, 16% (95% CI, 12%-23%; P = .009); and at 5 years, 5% (95% CI, 2%-11%; P = .004). Progression-free survival at 6 months was 56% (95% CI, 51%- 61%) for patients treated with TTFields plus temozolomide and 37% (95% CI, 30%-44%) with temozolomide only (P < .001) (Table 2).

An exploratory Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for Karnofsky performance score, MGMT promotor methylation status, geographic region, age, tumor location, and extent of resection were consistent with the findings of the progression-free and overall survival analyses. The following factors were associated with longer overall survival: TTFields plus temozolomide treatment (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.53-0.76; P < .001), female sex (HR, 0.76, 95% CI, 0.63-0.92; P = .005), methylated MGMT promoter (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.41-0.62; P < .001), younger age (as a continuous variable; HR, 0.978 per year; 95% CI, 0.969-0.985; P < .001) and higher Karnofsky performance score (as a categorical variable in 10 point increments; P < .001). Patients with frontal tumors had non-significantly longer survival (HR = 0.82, CI 0.67-1.01, P = .061). Country of treatment and extent of resection were not associated with a significant difference in survival (P = .101 and P = .183, respectively).

In post hoc analyses, TTFields plus temozolomide was associated with an increase in progression-free survival and overall survival (Figure 3; Cox proportional hazards, P < .05 for the treatment effect within each subgroup) in all subgroups of patients regardless of age, sex, Karnofsky performance score, MGMT promoter methylation status, geographic region, or extent of resection. Patients 65 years or older had shorter survival than patients younger than 65 years. In both age groups, TTFields plus temozolomide was associated with significantly increased survival compared with temozolomide alone for older (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.33-0.77) and younger patients (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.55-0.82; Figure 4A and Figure 4B). Patients with tumors that lacked MGMT promoter methylation had a significantly shorter survival than patients with tumors with MGMT promoter methylation, although use of TTFields with temozolomide was associated with longer survival (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49-0.85 both in patients with tumors that were MGMT methylated and tumors that were unmethylated, respectively; Figure 4C and Figure 4D). In the TTFields plus temozolomide group, 265 patients who were treated with TTFields for 18 hours a day or more (monthly average in the first 6 months of treatment) had longer survival than 185 patients treated less than 18 hours a day (22.6 months, 95% CI, 19.7-25.1 months vs 19.1 months, 95% CI, 16.5-21.9; HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.49-0.85; P = .009).

The addition of TTFields to temozolomide therapy was not associated with any significant increase in rates of systemic adverse events compared with temozolomide therapy alone (48% vs 44%, respectively; P = .58; Table 3), and the overall incidence, distribution, and severity of adverse events were not statistically different in patients in the 2 treatment groups. The numerically higher incidence of some adverse events in the TTFields plus temozolomide group was a reflection of the longer duration of temozolomide treatment in this group due to delayed occurrence of progression. When adverse event incidence normalized to duration of treatment was analyzed, these differences disappeared. The only exception was a higher incidence of localized skin toxic effects (medical device site reaction beneath the transducer arrays) in patients treated with TTFields plus temozolomide; mild to moderate skin irritation was observed in 52% of patients, and severe (grade 3) skin involvement occurred in 2%. Anxiety, confusion, insomnia, and headaches which were reported more frequently (statistically nonsignificant) in patients treated with TTFields at the interim analysis were not seen in the final adverse event analysis of the trial. The incidence of seizures was identical in the 2 groups.

To estimate tolerability, prespecified exploratory analyses of the association of TTFields device use with patients’ activities of daily life and cognition were performed using the Karnofsky performance score and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Time to a sustained 6-point decline in the Mini-Mental State Examination score was significantly longer in the TTFields plus temozolomide group than the temozolomide-alone group (16.7 months, 95% CI, 14.7-19.0 months vs 14.2 months, 95% CI, 12.7-17.0 months, respectively; HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.66- 0.95; P = .01). Time to a sustained 10-point decrease in Karnofsky performance score was also significantly longer in the TTFields plus temozolomide group than in the temozolomide-alone group (5.5 months;, 95% CI, 5.0-6.3 months vs 3.9 months; 95% CI, 3.1-5.2 months, respectively; HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67-0.95; P = .009).

In the final analysis of this randomized phase 3 trial, the addition of the TTFields treatment to standard temozolomide maintenance therapy, compared with standard temozolomide maintenance therapy alone, resulted in increased progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. After a median follow-up of 40 months, the addition of TTFields to temozolomide, compared with temozolomide alone, resulted in longer median progression-free survival from the time of randomization, 6.7 months vs 4.0 months and longer median overall survival from randomization, 20.9 months vs 16.0 months, respectively. These findings are consistent with the preliminary results reported based on a planned interim analysis of the first 315 patients enrolled, after a median follow-up of 38 months, in which median progression-free survival in the intent-to-treat population was 7.1 months (95% CI, 5.9-8.2 months) in the TTFields plus temozolomide group (210 patients analyzed) and 4.0 months (95% CI, 3.3-5.2 months) in the temozolomide-alone group (105 patients analyzed).

In the current study, exploratory end points were consistent with the primary and secondary end points in this trial. In a post hoc analysis the effect of TTFields was observed in all clinical and molecular subgroups, including patients older than age 65 years and patients with MGMT unmethylated tumors.

To assess whether the improved outcome may have been related to other factors than the TTFields therapy the data were scrutinized for possible imbalances, unexpected poor performance of the control group, or differences in supportive care administered to patients between the 2 groups. Both clinical factors and molecular tumor characteristics were well balanced and comparable between the 2 groups. MGMT promoter methylation, the strongest predictive factor for outcome in temozolomide-treated patients,²⁵ was more prevalent in the control group (45% vs 40% of samples with a valid result). Patients with early tumor progression occurring during the first 3 months after diagnosis were not included in this trial, and so the randomized patient population had a better prognosis, for both groups, compared with other trials that had randomized patients before radiation therapy. The reported survival times were measured from randomization, not from diagnosis, so for an estimation of the overall outcome 3.8 months should be added in both groups. The RTOG 0525/Intergroup study, which evaluated dose-dense temozolomide, also randomized patients only after completion of radiochemotherapy.⁸ Outcome of the control group in the current study and of the RTOG study were very similar, and in both studies, the median survival from randomization was 16 months.

In this trial, the rates of systemic adverse effects were not significantly different in the 2 treatment groups. The occurrence of mild to moderate skin irritation related to reaction beneath the transducer arrays of the device occurred in more than half of patients in the TTFields plus temozolomide group.

These findings are in contrast to the more than 23 randomized trials conducted over the last decade that have evaluated novel agents or intensified treatment strategies (eg, dose-dense temozolomide, cilengitide, nimotuzumab, bevacizumab, and rindopepimut^3,5,8,26) for treatment of patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma and have failed to demonstrate improved survival. Innovative treatments for glioblastoma are needed.

This study has several limitations. First, the current trial was open-label because it was considered practically unfeasible (heat and easy measure of current associated with TTFields) and ethically unacceptable to expose patients to a sham device. Although a placebo effect may affect subjective end points like quality of life or even progression-free survival by influencing the frequency of imaging and its interpretation, in the current trial a consistent benefit was observed in progression-free survival as assessed by blinded central radiology review, as well as in the gold standard of objective outcome, overall survival. Second, delivery of TTFields therapy requires the patient to continuously carry a device on a shaved scalp and may create burdens for patients. Nevertheless, the majority of patients were able to handle the device independently or with some help from a caregiver. The fact that 75% of patients achieved treatment adherence of 75% or more (ie, using the device for ≥18 hours per day) indicated good tolerability. The effects of the TTFields treatment and the need for continuous use of the device on quality of life will be reported separately.

In the final analysis of this randomized clinical trial of patients with glioblastoma who had received standard radiochemotherapy, the addition of TTFields to maintenance temozolomide chemotherapy vs maintenance temozolomide alone, resulted in statistically significant improvement in progression-free survival and overall survival. These results are consistent with the previous interim analysis.

Corresponding Author: Roger Stupp, MD, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 676 N St Clair St, Ste 2210, Chicago, IL 60611 (roger.stupp@northwestern.edu).

Accepted for Publication: November 9, 2017.

Correction: This article was corrected online on March 21, 2018, for an error in the signature block and one in Table 2.

Author Contributions: Drs Stupp, Ram, and Kirson had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Stupp, Lieberman, Kirson, Palti, Ram.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Stupp, Taillibert, Kanner, Read, Steinberg, Lhermitte, Toms, Idbaih, Alhuwalia, Fink, DiMeco, Lieberman, Zhu, Stragliotto, Tran, Brem, Hottinger, Kirson, Lavy-Shahaf, Weinberg, Kim, Paek, Nicholas, Bruna, Hirte, Weller, Hegi, Ram.

Drafting of the manuscript: Stupp, Steinberg, Hottinger, Kirson, Lavy-Shahaf, Ram.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Stupp, Taillibert, Kanner, Read, Lhermitte, Toms, Idbaih, Alhuwalia, Fink, DiMeco, Lieberman, Zhu, Stragliotto, Tran, Brem, Hottinger, Kirson, Weinberg, Kim, Paek, Nicholas, Bruna, Hirte, Weller, Palti, Hegi, Ram.

Statistical analysis: Steinberg, Kirson, Lavy-Shahaf.

Obtained funding: Kirson, Palti.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Stupp, Taillibert, Kanner, Read, Toms, DiMeco, Tran, Weinberg, Kim, Paek, Nicholas, Bruna, Weller, Palti.

Supervision: Stupp, Alhuwalia, DiMeco, Brem, Kirson, Paek, Bruna, Weller, Ram.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Dr Stupp reports fees paid to his institution his serving on advisory boards of Celgene, Novartis, AbbVie, and Merck KGaA (Darmstadt) and travel support from Novocure and that his spouse works full time for Celgene. Dr Taillibert reports that she receives fees for patients in clinical trials from the CRNO-private foundation of the neurology department in Salpêtrière Hospital. Dr Steinberg reports receiving serving as a statistical consultant for Novocure. Dr Toms reports receiving honoraria for serving on the strategic advisory board and lecturing for Novocure. Dr Idbaih reports receiving research support from Foundation ARC, Beta-Innov, and Carthera; travel support from Hoffmann-LaRoche and Carthera; serving on the editorial advisory board of Lettre du Cancérologue; serving on the advisory boards of Bristol-Myers Squibb and Hoffmann-La Roche; and receiving personal fees from Cipla. Dr Ahluwalia reports receiving grant support, personal fees, or both from Monteris Medical, AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Datar Genetics, CBT Pharmaceuticals, Kadmon Pharmaceuticals, Elsevier, Novocure, Novartis, Incyte, Pharmacyclics, Tracon Pharmaceuticals, Prime Oncology, and Caris Lifesciences. Dr Fink reports serving in the speakers program for Genentech and receiving personal fees from Novocure and UCB Pharma. Dr Lieberman reports receiving grant support from Novocure, Stemline, and Roche. Dr Zhu reports receiving grant support from Novocure, Immuno-Cellular Therapeutics, Diffusion Pharmaceutical LLC, DEKK-TEC Inc, NRG Oncology/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/National Cancer Institute, Boston Biomedical, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Global Oncology, Five Prime Therapeutics, Tocagen Inc, and Northwest Biotherapeutics. Dr Tran reports receiving grant support from Merck, Novartis, Northwest Biotherapeutics, Stemline, VBL Therapeutics, and Tocagen, receiving personal fees from Monteris, and serving on the advisory board of Novocure. Dr Hottinger reports receiving institutional grant support from Novocure and fees paid to his institution for serving on the advisory boards of Servier and Bristol-Myers Squibb. Dr Kirson reports that he is an employee of and owns stock in Novocure. Dr Lavy Shahaf reports that he is an employee of and owns stock in Novocure Ltd. Dr Weinberg reports that he is an employee of and owns stock in Novocure Ltd. Dr Weller reports receiving grant support or personal fees from Novocure, Acceleron, Actelion, Bayer, MSD, Merck EMD, Novocure, OGD2 Pharma, Piqur, Roche, Tragara, AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celldex, Pfizer, Progenics, Teva, Tocagen, and Orbus. Dr Palti reports serving as a consultant for, owning stock in, and having pending patents licensed through Novocure. Dr Hegi reports receiving financial support from Novocure, serving as an adviser to Bristol-Myers Squibb, and receiving nonfinancial support from MDxHealth. Dr Ram reports that he is a paid consultant for and owns stock in Novocure. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: The study was funded by Novocure Ltd.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: Novocure Ltd had a role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, and analysis of the data; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The study was designed by Drs Stupp and Ram, together with representatives from Novocure, mainly Dr Kirson. The study oversight was supported and monitored by a clinical research organization, which also held the database. Data were collected by the investigators and monitored by the clinical research organization. The data were analyzed by Dr Steinberg, the independent study statistician, and by Dr Lavy-Shahaf, the sponsor statistician. Data interpretation was the responsibility of Drs Stupp and Ram, with Dr Kirson, the study sponsor representative and project lead, all of whom jointly developed the first draft. A subsequent mature draft and prefinal version were circulated among all authors who gave additional input, contributed to, and approved the manuscript. Drs Stupp and Kirson reviewed all patient profiles for consistency. The decision to publish the data and its interpretation was made by Drs Stupp and Ram and was supported by all coauthors.

Additional Contributions: We thank the patients and their families for participating in the trial. We are grateful to all EF-14 investigators (whose names and institutions are listed in the eAppendix in Supplement 2) are grateful to the nurses who provided excellent care to the patients and the supporting staff for data management.