Editor in Chief Howard Bauchner, MD
Executive Editor Phil B. Fontanarosa, MD, MBA
Deputy Editors Michael Berkwits, MD, MSCE (Electronic Editor), Gregory Curfman, MD (Author Outreach), Robert M. Golub, MD (Scientific Content), Edward H. Livingston, MD (Clinical Reviews and Education), Jody W. Zylke, MD (Letters Editor)
Executive Managing Editor Annette Flanagin
Managing Editor Stacy L. Christiansen
Senior Editors Philip Greenland, MD, Demetrios N. Kyriacou, MD, PhD, Mary McGrae McDermott, MD, Christopher C. Muth, MD
Associate Editors Derek C. Angus, MD, MPH, Ethan Basch, MD, Charlene Breedlove, Linda Brubaker, MD, Anne Rentoumis Cappola, MD, ScM, Thomas B. Cole, MD, MPH, Carolyn J. Crandall, MD, MS, W. Gregory Feero, MD, PhD, Donald C. Goff, MD, Jill Jin, MD, Karen E. Joynt Maddox, MD, MPH, Preeti N. Malani, MD, MSJ, David H. Mark, MD, MPH, George T. O’Connor, MD, MS, Eric D. Peterson, MD, MPH, Richard Saitz, MD, MPH, Jeffrey L. Saver, MD, Deborah Schrag, MD, MPH, David Schriger, MD, MPH, Wolfgang C. Winkelmayer, MD, MPH, ScD
Statistical Reviewers Lars W. Andersen, MD, PhD, MPH, Thomas D. Koepsell, MD, MPH, Roger J. Lewis, MD, PhD, Matthew L. Maciejewski, PhD, Christopher J. Paciorek, PhD, Michael J. Pencina, PhD, Denise M. Scholtens, PhD, Naomi Vaisrub, PhD, Joseph S. Wislar, MS, Alan B. Zonderman, PhD
Fishbein Fellow Dara Grennan, MD
Legal and Global Health Correspondent Lawrence O. Gostin, JD
Medical News & Perspectives Feyza Sancar, PhD (editor); Rebecca Voelker, MSJ (associate managing editor); Jennifer Abbasi, Rita Rubin (senior staff writers); Joan Stephenson, PhD (consulting editor)
Assistant Editors Kate Pezalla, Jennifer Reiling
Manuscript Editing Miriam Y. Cintron (assistant managing editor); Emily A. Greenhow, Joy K. Jaeger, Phil Sefton, Beverly Stewart (senior manuscript editors); Kim S. P. Campbell, Nicole FioRito (manuscript editors); Cara Wallace (freelance manuscript editor)
Editorial Graphics Karen Bucher, Andy Rekito (managers and senior medical illustrators); Nicholas Reback (medical illustrator); David Song (editorial graphics coordinator)
Digital Media Production Eric Butkus, Michelle Kurzynski (managers); Elena Guobyte, Emily Ling, Jesse McQuarters, Daniel Morrow (producers)
Social Media Daniella Peting (manager); Reuben Rios (coordinator)
Electronic Media Systems and Services Carrie Butt (supervisor); Mary Lynn Ferkaluk (assistant)
Editorial Systems and Services Monica Mungle (director); Lee Calibeo (programmer analyst); Caroline Sietmann (author outreach administrator); Lenette Gardner-Gullens (electronic input supervisor); Fanny L. Brown, Tosca Hall, Angelia Waltower (electronic input assistants)
Content Management System Larry Bryant (director); Erin Kato (systems administrator)
Editorial Systems and Administration Jacob Kendall-Taylor (director); Rachell M. Lozano (configuration and support specialist); Anna Bukowski (systems specialist)
Budgets and Administration Marla A. Hall (director); Cheryl Sykes (supervisor); Deanna Willis (executive assistant); Yolanda Davis (copyright/library services coordinator)
Editorial Assistants Carmina Conley, Dawn Cortez, Audrey Forman, Gwenn Gregg, Lisa Hardin, Rosa E. Miranda, Lupe Morales, Gloria Tate, Gregory Toreev
Editorial Counsel Joseph P. Thornton, JD
Media Relations Deanna Bellandi (manager), Jim Michalski
Donald M. Berwick, MD, MPP, Newton, Massachusetts
Christine K. Cassel, MD, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Francisco G. Cigarroa, MD, San Antonio, Texas
Carolyn M. Clancy, MD, Silver Spring, Maryland
David M. Cutler, PhD, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ezekiel J. Emanuel, MD, PhD, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Roger I. Glass, MD, PhD, Bethesda, Maryland
Lee Goldman, MD, MPH, New York, New York
Howard K. Koh, MD, MPH, Boston, Massachusetts
Elizabeth A. McGlynn, PhD, Pasadena, California
Raina M. Merchant, MD, MSHP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Steven E. Nissen, MD, Cleveland, Ohio
Griffin Rodgers, MD, Bethesda, Maryland
Joshua M. Sharfstein, MD, Baltimore, Maryland
Harold C. Sox, MD, Hanover, New Hampshire
John E. L. Wong, MBBS, Singapore
Claire Pomeroy, MD, MBA (chair), New York, New York
Brian D. Crawford, PhD, Washington, DC
Vivian S. Lee, MD, PhD, MBA, Salt Lake City, Utah
C. David Naylor, MD, DPhil, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Neil R. Powe, MD, MPH, MBA, San Francisco, California
William W. Stead, MD, Nashville, Tennessee
Modena Wilson, MD, MPH, Chicago, Illinois
Nathan S. Davis, MD (1883-1888)
John B. Hamilton, MD (1889, 1893-1898)
John H. Hollister, MD (1889-1891)
James C. Culbertson, MD (1891-1893)
Truman W. Miller, MD (1899)
George H. Simmons, MD (1899-1924)
Morris Fishbein, MD (1924-1949)
Austin Smith, MD (1949-1958)
Johnson F. Hammond, MD (1958-1959)
John H. Talbott, MD (1959-1969)
Hugh H. Hussey, MD (1970-1973)
Robert H. Moser, MD (1973-1975)
William R. Barclay, MD (1975-1982)
George D. Lundberg, MD (1982-1999)
Catherine D. DeAngelis, MD, MPH (2000-2011), Editor in Chief Emerita
Directors Karl Elvin, Nancy Essex, Jaye Mize, Sean O’Donnell, Sue Sherrill, Sara Zimmerman
Managers David Antos, Anthony Bautista, Chris Borden, Debra Camp, Jennifer Carney, Lydia Cruz, Scott Curl, Diane Darnell, Jordynn Farrar, Allison Hughes, Tiffany Jones, Colleen Kelly, Chris Meyer, Annemarie Neff, J. D. Neff, Sean Ohlson, Phil O'Leary, Bill Pedone, Susan Price, Binita Shah, Erin Spencer, Denise Steinhauser, Joe Wixted
Advertising and Production Services Ahmed Avendano, Kim Boler, Rhonda Bailey Brown, Fin Carter, Mike Deegan, Daniel DeGroot, Euwanaha Joiner-Smith, Joshua Lane, Cindy Rendlen, Ellen Yoshihara
Circulation Services Julie Burton, Ronna Hewitt, Mary Sieck, Geneine Van Someren, Jamaal Vargas
Composition and New Media Gail Barrett, Regina Brownlee, Amanda Camino, Brenda Chandler-Grayer, Emily Dunn, Amy Evers, Maleeka Holden, Teri Hutchison, Dan Knowles, Joshua Lampinen, Nathan Mitre, Patricia E. Panek, Marla Seidell, La'son Diggs Sledge, Julian Wiley
Graphics Joe Amft, James Collver, Maria Duda, Fred Furtner, Carolyn Hall, Maria Kowalkowski
Proofreading Carla Benton, Carol Joy Farrell, Daniel James, Judith A. Literskis, Teresa H. Omiotek, Michael Ryder
Executive Vice President, Chief Executive Officer James L. Madara, MD
Chief Operating Officer Bernard L. Hengesbaugh
President Barbara L. McAneny, MD
President-Elect Patrice A. Harris, MD, MA
Immediate Past President David O. Barbe, MD, MHA
Secretary Russell W.H. Kridel, MD
Speaker, House of Delegates Susan R. Bailey, MD
Vice-Speaker, House of Delegates Bruce A. Scott, MD
Trustees Willarda V. Edwards, MD, MBA; Jesse M. Ehrenfeld, MD, MPH (chair-elect); E. Scott Ferguson, MD; Sandra A. Fryhofer, MD; Gerald E. Harmon, MD (immediate past chair); William E. Kobler, MD; William A. McDade, MD, PhD; Mario E. Motta, MD; S. Bobby Mukkamala, MD; Albert J. Osbahr III, MD; Jack Resneck Jr, MD (chair); Ryan J. Ribeira, MD, MPH; Karthik V. Sarma, MS; Georgia A. Tuttle, MD; Kevin W. Williams, MSA
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