Editor in Chief Howard Bauchner, MD
Executive Editor Phil B. Fontanarosa, MD, MBA
Deputy Editors Michael Berkwits, MD, MSCE (Electronic Editor), Gregory Curfman, MD (Author Outreach), Robert M. Golub, MD (Scientific Content), Edward H. Livingston, MD (Clinical Reviews and Education), Mary McGrae McDermott, MD (Clinical Reviews and Education); Jody W. Zylke, MD (Letters Editor)
Executive Managing Editor Annette Flanagin
Managing Editor Stacy L. Christiansen
Senior Editors Philip Greenland, MD, Christopher C. Muth, MD
Associate Editors Derek C. Angus, MD, MPH, Ethan Basch, MD, Linda Brubaker, MD, Rafael Campo, MD, MA, Anne Rentoumis Cappola, MD, ScM, Thomas B. Cole, MD, MPH, Carolyn J. Crandall, MD, MS, W. Gregory Feero, MD, PhD, Donald C. Goff, MD, Jill Jin, MD, MPH, Karen E. Joynt Maddox, MD, MPH, Demetrios N. Kyriacou, MD, PhD, Preeti N. Malani, MD, MSJ, David H. Mark, MD, MPH, George T. O’Connor, MD, MS, Richard Saitz, MD, MPH, Jeffrey L. Saver, MD, Deborah Schrag, MD, MPH, Stephen Schenkel, MD, MPP, David Schriger, MD, MPH, Wolfgang C. Winkelmayer, MD, MPH, ScD
Statistical Reviewers Lars W. Andersen, MD, PhD, MPH, Thomas D. Koepsell, MD, MPH, Roger J. Lewis, MD, PhD, Matthew L. Maciejewski, PhD, Christopher J. Paciorek, PhD, Michael J. Pencina, PhD, Denise M. Scholtens, PhD, Naomi Vaisrub, PhD, Joseph S. Wislar, MS, Alan B. Zonderman, PhD
Fishbein Fellow Angel N. Desai, MD
Legal and Global Health Correspondent Lawrence O. Gostin, JD
Medical News & Perspectives Rebecca Voelker (director); Jennifer Abbasi (associate managing editor); Rita Rubin (senior staff writer); Mary Chris Jaklevic (staff writer); Joan Stephenson, PhD (consulting editor)
Assistant Editors Kate Pezalla, Jennifer Reiling
Manuscript Editing Miriam Y. Cintron (assistant managing editor); Kim S. P. Campbell, Emily A. Greenhow, Joy K. Jaeger, Phil Sefton, Beverly Stewart (senior manuscript editors); Nicole FioRito (manuscript editor); Cara Wallace (freelance manuscript editor)
Editorial Graphics Karen Bucher, Andy Rekito (managers and senior medical illustrators); Lohitha Kethu, Nicholas Reback (medical illustrators); David Song (editorial graphics coordinator)
Digital Media Production Eric Butkus, Jesse McQuarters (managers); Elena Guobyte, Emily Ling, Daniel Morrow, Shelly Steffens (producers)
Social Media Eman Hassaballa Aly (manager); Reuben Rios (coordinator)
Electronic Media Systems and Services Mary Lynn Ferkaluk (manager); Jonathan Laxamana (coordinator)
Editorial Systems and Services Monica Mungle (director); Lee Calibeo (programmer analyst); Caroline Sietmann (author outreach administrator); Lenette Gardner-Gullens (pre-editing and QC supervisor); Fanny L. Brown, Tosca Hall, Kenneth Otani, Angelia Waltower (pre-editing and QC assistants)
Content Management System Larry Bryant (director); Erin Kato (systems administrator)
Editorial Systems and Administration Jacob Kendall-Taylor (director); Rachell M. Lozano (configuration and support specialist); Anna Bukowski (systems specialist)
Budgets and Administration Marla A. Jefferson (director); Cheryl Sykes (supervisor); Deanna Willis (executive assistant); Yolanda Davis (copyright/library services coordinator)
Editorial Assistants Colleen Baffoe, Carmina Conley, Dawn Cortez, Audrey Forman, Lisa Hardin, Rosa E. Miranda, Lupe Morales, Sylvia Orellana, Josie Sheehy, Wendy Whitehead
Editorial Counsel Joseph P. Thornton, JD
Media Relations Deanna Bellandi (manager), Jim Michalski
Katrina Armstrong, MD, Boston, Massachusetts
Francisco G. Cigarroa, MD, San Antonio, Texas
Carolyn M. Clancy, MD, Silver Spring, Maryland
David M. Cutler, PhD, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ezekiel J. Emanuel, MD, PhD, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Julie Ann Freischlag, MD, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Roger I. Glass, MD, PhD, Bethesda, Maryland
Lee Goldman, MD, MPH, New York, New York
Howard K. Koh, MD, MPH, Boston, Massachusetts
Elizabeth A. McGlynn, PhD, Pasadena, California
Raina M. Merchant, MD, MSHP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Steven E. Nissen, MD, Cleveland, Ohio
Eric D. Peterson, MD, MPH, Durham, North Carolina
Griffin Rodgers, MD, Bethesda, Maryland
Joshua M. Sharfstein, MD, Baltimore, Maryland
Everett E. Vokes, MD, Chicago, Illinois
John E. L. Wong, MBBS, Singapore
Nathan S. Davis, MD (1883-1888)
John B. Hamilton, MD (1889, 1893-1898)
John H. Hollister, MD (1889-1891)
James C. Culbertson, MD (1891-1893)
Truman W. Miller, MD (1899)
George H. Simmons, MD (1899-1924)
Morris Fishbein, MD (1924-1949)
Austin Smith, MD (1949-1958)
Johnson F. Hammond, MD (1958-1959)
John H. Talbott, MD (1959-1969)
Hugh H. Hussey, MD (1970-1973)
Robert H. Moser, MD (1973-1975)
William R. Barclay, MD (1975-1982)
George D. Lundberg, MD (1982-1999)
Catherine D. DeAngelis, MD, MPH (2000-2011), Editor in Chief Emerita
Directors Karl Elvin, Nancy Essex, Jaye Mize, Sean O’Donnell, Sue Sherrill, Sara Zimmerman
Managers David Antos, Anthony Bautista, Chris Borden, Debra Camp, Jennifer Carney, Lydia Cruz, Scott Curl, Diane Darnell, Nanette Diaz, Jordynn Farrar, Allison Hughes, Tiffany Jones, John Lash, Colleen Kelly, Chris Meyer, Annemarie Neff, J. D. Neff, Sean Ohlson, Phil O'Leary, Bill Pedone, Susan Price, Erin Spencer, Denise Steinhauser, Joe Wixted
Advertising and Production Services Ahmed Avendano, Kim Boler, Rhonda Bailey Brown, Fin Carter, Mike Deegan, Daniel DeGroot, Euwanaha Joiner-Smith, Joshua Lane, Cindy Rendlen, Ellen Yoshihara, Annissa Zak
Circulation Services Julie Burton, Ronna Hewitt, Mary Sieck, Geneine Van Someren, Jamaal Vargas
Content Production Systems Mike Bujewski, Nathan Mitre
Digital Production Regina Brownlee, Amanda Camino, Brenda Chandler-Grayer, Emily Dunn, Amy Evers, Maleeka Holden, Teri Hutchison, Dan Knowles, Joshua Lampinen, Natalie Marsh, Patricia E. Panek, Marla Seidell, La'son Diggs Sledge, Julian Wiley
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Proofreading Carol Joy Farrell, Maria Giannini, Sasha Grossman, Judith A. Literskis, Teresa H. Omiotek, Michael Ryder
Executive Vice President, Chief Executive Officer James L. Madara, MD
President Susan R. Bailey, MD
President-Elect Gerald E. Harmon, MD
Immediate Past President Patrice A. Harris, MD, MA
Secretary Sandra Adamson Fryhofer, MD
Speaker, House of Delegates Bruce A. Scott, MD
Vice Speaker, House of Delegates Lisa Bohman Egbert, MD
Trustees David H. Aizuss, MD; Grayson W. Armstrong, MD, MPH; Willarda V. Edwards, MD, MBA; Jesse M. Ehrenfeld, MD, MPH (immediate past chair); Scott Ferguson, MD; Russ Kridel, MD (chair); Ilse R. Levin, DO, MPH; Thomas J. Madejski, MD; Mario E. Motta, MD; Bobby Mukkamala, MD (chair-elect); Blake Elizabeth Murphy; Harris Pastides, PhD, MPH; Jack Resneck Jr, MD; Michael Suk, MD, JD, MPH, MBA; Willie Underwood III, MD, MSc, MPH
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