Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 in Breast Milk From 18 Infected Women

Concern has been raised that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be transmitted to infants by breastfeeding. A number of organizations advise that women infected with SARS-CoV-2 may choose to breastfeed with protections to prevent transmission of the virus through respiratory droplets. Of 24 case reports on breast milk samples from women infected with SARS-CoV-2, viral RNA was detected in 10 samples from 4 women.^1-6 In some cases, environmental contamination or retrograde flow from an infected infant could not be ruled out. Detection of viral RNA by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) does not equate with infectivity. To date, SARS-CoV-2 has not been isolated from breast milk, and there are no documented cases of transmission of infectious virus to the infant through breast milk. However, potential for viral transmission through breast milk remains a critical question for women infected with SARS-CoV-2 who wish to breastfeed.

Beginning in March 2020, women residing anywhere in the US who reported being symptomatic, having been exposed to an infected person, or having a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and who were currently breastfeeding were invited to participate in the study using a variety of methods including media awareness, website, and clinician referral. Only women who tested positive by RT-PCR tests were included. The University of California San Diego Institutional Review Board approved the study, and women provided oral and written informed consent. Clinical data were collected by phone interview. Breast milk samples were self-collected and mailed to the study center according to a standard protocol. In some cases, women also provided stored samples collected prior to enrollment (eAppendix in the Supplement).

A quantitative RT-PCR assay for SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk was established and validated. Tissue culture methods to detect replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk were developed (eAppendix in the Supplement).

Additionally, conditions of Holder pasteurization commonly used in human milk banks were mimicked by adding SARS-CoV-2 (200 × median tissue culture infectious dose 50% [TCID₅₀]) to breast milk samples from 2 different control donors who provided milk samples prior to onset of the pandemic. The samples were heated to 62.5 °C for 30 minutes and then cooled to 4 °C. Following this procedure, the samples were added to the tissue culture. Nonpasteurized aliquots of the same 2 milk-virus mixtures were cultured in parallel.

SPSS version 25 and Prism version 8.4.3 (GraphPad) were used for analyses.

Between March 27 and May 6, 2020, we enrolled 18 women who had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (77.7% White non-Hispanic, mean age, 34.4 years [SD, 5.2 years]). Their offspring ranged in age from newborn to 19 months. Women provided between 1 and 12 samples, with a total of 64 samples collected at varying time points before and after the positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test result. All but 1 woman had symptomatic disease (Figure). One breast milk sample had detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The positive sample was collected on the day of symptom onset; however, 1 sample taken 2 days prior to symptom onset and 2 samples collected 12 and 41 days later tested negative for viral RNA. The breastfed infant was not tested. No replication-competent virus was detectable in any sample, including the sample that tested positive for viral RNA.

Following Holder pasteurization, viral RNA was not detected by RT-PCR in the 2 samples that had been spiked with replication-competent SARS-CoV-2, nor was culturable virus detected. However, virus was detected by culture in nonpasteurized aliquots of the same 2 milk-virus mixtures.

Although SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 1 milk sample from an infected woman, the viral culture for that sample was negative. These data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 RNA does not represent replication-competent virus and that breast milk may not be a source of infection for the infant. Furthermore, when control samples spiked with replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 virus were treated by Holder pasteurization, no replication-competent virus or viral RNA was detectable. These findings are reassuring given the known benefits of breastfeeding and human milk provided through milk banks. Limitations include the small sample size, nonrandom sample with possible selection bias, self-report of RT-PCR positivity, and self-collection of milk samples, some before the standard protocol was instituted.

Corresponding Author: Christina Chambers, PhD, MPH, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, MC0828, La Jolla, CA 92093 (chchambers@health.ucsd.edu).

Accepted for Publication: August 3, 2020.

Published Online: August 19, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.15580

Author Contributions: Drs Chambers and Krogstad had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Chambers, Krogstad, Bertrand, Tobin, Bode, Aldrovandi.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.

Drafting of the manuscript: Chambers, Krogstad, Bertrand, Bode.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.

Statistical analysis: Chambers, Bertrand.

Obtained funding: Chambers, Bertrand, Bode, Aldrovandi.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Chambers, Krogstad, Bertrand, Contreras, Tobin, Aldrovandi.

Supervision: Chambers, Bertrand, Aldrovandi.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Chambers reported receiving grants from the University of California (UC) Office of the President Emergency COVID-19 Research Program and from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences and receiving nonfinancial support from Medela Corporation and the Mothers’ Milk Bank at Austin. Dr Krogstad reported receiving support from the UC Los Angeles AIDS Institute, the James B. Pendleton Charitable Trust, and the McCarthy Family Foundation. Dr Bode reported serving as the UC San Diego Chair of Collaborative Human Milk Research, which is endowed by the Family Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation. Dr Aldrovandi reported receiving support from the International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) Network. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: The IMPAACT Network is supported by grants UM1AI068632 (Leadership and Operations Center), UM1AI068616 (Statistical and Data Management Center), and UM1AI106716 (Laboratory Center) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, cofunding from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and the National Institute of Mental Health. Medela Corporation provided milk sample collection materials for this study. The Family Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation provided an unrestricted COVID-19 emergency gift fund. The Mothers’ Milk Bank at Austin, an accredited milk bank and member of the Human Milk Banking Association of North America, paid for shipping costs.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The sponsors had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Disclaimer: The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

Additional Contributions: We thank the women who participated in this study and who gave so generously of their time and effort to provide milk samples and clinical information.