During the past several decades, a large and growing number of studies have examined the association between potential risk markers and adverse outcomes in patients with cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Identification of novel risk markers in clinical syndromes such as HFpEF is important because it may (1) elucidate novel biological mechanisms, (2) inform pathophysiology of disease progression, (3) identify potential therapeutic targets, and/or (4) assist with risk prediction.