One-Year Safety and Clinical Outcomes of a Transcatheter Interatrial Shunt Device for the Treatment of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction in the Reduce Elevated Left Atrial Pressure in Patients With Heart Failure (REDUCE LAP-HF I) Trial: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Key Points

Question  In patients with heart failure and ejection fraction equal to or greater than 40%, is an interatrial shunt device (IASD) safe compared with a sham control treatment, and does it remain patent after 1 year?

Findings  In a randomized clinical trial, the IASD was found to be patent 12 months after randomization in all patients randomly assigned to IASD treatment. In addition, at 12 months of follow-up, there were no significant differences in major adverse cardiac, cerebral, and renal events, and there were no strokes in either participant group.

Meaning  Through 1 year of follow-up, IASD treatment appears to be safe in patients with heart failure and ejection fraction equal to or greater than 40%.

Importance  In patients with heart failure (HF) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) equal to or greater than 40%, a transcatheter interatrial shunt device (IASD; Corvia Medical) reduces exercise pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and is safe compared with sham control treatment at 1 month of follow-up. The longer-term safety and patency of the IASD has not yet been demonstrated in the setting of a randomized clinical trial (RCT).

Objective  To evaluate the 1-year safety and clinical outcomes of the IASD compared with a sham control treatment.

Design, Setting, and Participants  This phase 2, double-blind, 1-to-1 sham-controlled multicenter RCT of IASD implantation vs a sham procedure (femoral venous access and imaging of the interatrial septum without IASD) was conducted in 22 centers in the United States, Europe, and Australia on patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or ambulatory class IV HF, LVEF equal to or greater than 40%, exercise PCWP equal to or greater than 25 mm Hg, and PCWP-right atrial pressure gradient equal to or greater than 5 mm Hg.

Main Outcomes and Measures  Safety was assessed by major adverse cardiac, cerebrovascular, or renal events (MACCRE). Exploratory outcomes evaluated at 1 year were hospitalizations for HF, NYHA class, quality of life, a 6-minute walk test, and device patency.

Results  After 1 year, shunts were patent in all IASD-treated patients; MACCRE did not differ significantly in the IASD arm (2 of 21 [9.5%]) vs the control arm (5 of 22 [22.7%]; P = .41), and no strokes occurred. The yearly rate of hospitalizations for HF was 0.22 in the IASD arm and 0.63 in the control arm (P = .06). Median improvement in NYHA class was 1 class in the IASD arm (IQR, −1 to 0) vs 0 in the control arm (IQR, −1 to 0; P = .08). Quality of life and 6-minute walk test distance were similar in both groups. At 6 months, there was an increase in right ventricular size in the IASD arm (mean [SD], 7.9 [8.0] mL/m²) vs the control arm (−1.8 [9.6] mL/m²; P = .002), consistent with left-to-right shunting through the device; no further increase occurred in the IASD arm at 12 months.

Conclusions and Relevance  The REDUCE LAP-HF I phase 2, sham-controlled RCT confirms the longer-term patency of the IASD. Through 1 year of follow-up, IASD treatment appears safe, with no significant differences in MACCRE in patients receiving IASD compared with those who received sham control treatment.

Trial Registration  ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02600234

Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; defined by a left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] ≥50%)^1,2 and HF with midrange ejection fraction (HFmrEF; defined by an LVEF between 40% and 49%)^3,4 are common and associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. There is currently a lack of evidence-based treatments that can improve outcomes in these HF syndromes. Although diuretic therapy is useful for reducing symptoms and signs of congestion,^4,5 it is associated with a number of untoward effects, including urinary frequency and urgency, electrolyte disturbances, kidney dysfunction, and orthostasis. Quiz Ref IDA key feature of HFpEF is a steep increase in left atrial (LA) pressure during exercise, which is an important cause of exertional dyspnea in these patients.^6-8 In addition, in the setting of HFpEF, the magnitude of rise in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) during exercise is directly associated with adverse outcomes.⁹ Thus, reducing LA pressure, particularly during exercise, could be an important therapy for improving both symptoms and outcomes in patients with HFpEF and HFmrEF.

Quiz Ref IDWe previously reported the early effects of a transcatheter Interatrial Shunt Device (IASD; Corvia Medical Inc) in patients with HFpEF or HFmrEF.¹⁰ The device is implanted in the interatrial septum using standard transseptal catheter techniques.¹¹ The IASD implant creates an interatrial communication, which is intended to dynamically decompress LA pressure during exercise. We conducted a phase 2, sham-controlled randomized clinical trial (RCT) to evaluate the mechanistic effect of the IASD on invasively measured PCWP during exercise.¹¹ As previously described,¹⁰ at 1 month after randomization, patients assigned to treatment with an IASD had a significantly greater reduction in PCWP during both passive leg raise maneuver and exercise (accounting for all stages of exercise). Mean PCWP at 20 W of exercise also decreased to a greater degree in the patients randomly assigned to IASD compared with those assigned to the sham control group. The IASD appeared safe compared with the sham control procedure periprocedurally and during short-term follow-up at 1 month. In this study, we report the 1-year results.

The rationale and design of the REDUCE LAP-HF-I trial have been described previously¹¹; the full trial protocol is available in Supplement 1. The primary objective of the REDUCE LAP-HF I clinical trial was to evaluate the mechanistic effect of implanting the IASD System II (Corvia Medical) in patients with HF who have EF equal to or greater than 40% and elevated LA pressure and who remained symptomatic despite optimal guideline-directed medical therapy. This was a multicenter, prospective, blinded RCT with a sham control group and 1-to-1 randomization. Patients were recruited between February 3, 2016, and November 23, 2016, at 22 centers in the United States, Belgium, France, Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Australia. (eTable 1 in Supplement 2 lists all of the participating sites, principal investigators, and study coordinators for the trial.) eFigure 1 in Supplement 2 graphically displays the design of the REDUCE LAP-HF I trial.

The inclusion and exclusion criteria were designed to ensure that patients had symptomatic HF (defined as New York Heart Association [NYHA] class III or ambulatory class IV), elevated LA pressure with a pressure gradient between the LA and right atrium (RA), and no clinically important right heart dysfunction. Key inclusion criteria included documented chronic symptomatic HF and either (1) a prior hospitalization for HF or an acute care facility or emergency department intensification of diuretic therapy within the prior 12 months or (2) elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal pro-BNP within the past 6 months (with a BNP level greater than 70 pg/mL in normal sinus rhythm or 200 pg/mL in atrial fibrillation or an N-terminal pro-BNP level greater than 200 pg/mL in normal sinus rhythm or 600 pg/mL in atrial fibrillation); an EF of 40% or more; an age of 40 years or older; elevated LA pressure documented invasively by end-expiratory PCWP during supine bike exercise of 25 mm Hg or higher; and a PCWP–RA pressure (RAP) gradient of 5 mm Hg or more.

Key exclusion criteria included stage D HF; a cardiac index less than 2.0 L/min/m²; a history of stroke, transient ischemic attack, deep vein thrombosis, or pulmonary embolism within the past 6 months; hemodynamically significant valvular disease; hypertrophic or infiltrative cardiomyopathy; RV dysfunction (moderate or severe RV dysfunction, a tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion less than 1.4 cm, an RV size larger than the patient’s LV size, or an RV fractional area change less than 35%); a resting RAP gradient less than 14 mm Hg; or pulmonary vascular resistance greater than 4 Wood units. A full list of the inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in the eAppendix in Supplement 2.

The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board or ethics committee at each of the 22 enrolling sites, and all enrolled patients provided written informed consent. A data safety monitoring committee oversaw the program and reviewed trial data for patient safety at regular intervals. A separate clinical events committee adjudicated all outcomes. All statistical analyses were performed independently by the Baim Institute for Clinical Research (Boston, Massachusetts).

Patients were eligible for randomization if they met all of the inclusion and exclusion criteria after undergoing the study qualification procedures, including noninvasive screening with echocardiography and supine bicycle exercise right heart catheterization. Immediately after qualifying, eligible patients were randomly assigned in a 1-to-1 ratio to the treatment or control groups. Randomization was performed via an eClinicalOS Interactive Web Response System (IBM Corporation). Patient blinding included sedation, earphones with music to preclude the patient from hearing discussions during the procedure, and blindfolding (or the use of opaque screens) to prevent the participant from viewing the imaging screens.

All patients assigned to either arm underwent sheath placement in the femoral vein. Patients randomly assigned to the control arm underwent intracardiac or transesophageal echocardiographic examination of the interatrial septum and LA appendage but no transseptal puncture. Patients randomly assigned to the treatment arm underwent a transseptal puncture and IASD System II implantation, as described previously.^11-13 The IASD System II consists of a 1-piece self-expanding metal cage that has a double-disc design with an opening (barrel) in the center. The expanded external diameter of each disc is 19.4 mm. The inner diameter of the barrel in the center of the fully expanded implant is 8 mm, which is thought to be an optimal size.¹⁴

Participants and nonprocedural research staff were blinded to treatment assignment for 1 year after randomization. Each site was assigned blinded and unblinded staff members to facilitate unbiased patient assessments during follow-up. The physicians managing the patients clinically (including the treating cardiologist) and the research staff involved in conducting selected postrandomization evaluations, including those in the hemodynamic core laboratory, were blinded to study arm. At the 12-month visit, study participants and blinded study staff members at each site were asked to complete a questionnaire to determine their blinding status.

An independent Clinical Events Committee adjudicated all major adverse cardiac, cerebrovascular, and renal events (MACCRE) and other outcome events. The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) was conducted by blinded study staff at each site. The echocardiography analyses were performed by an independent echocardiography core laboratory, as detailed previously.^11,13,15

The primary efficacy end point of change in PCWP during exercise from baseline to 1 month, and the primary safety end point of periprocedural events and MACCRE at 1 month have been previously reported.¹⁰ Several efficacy and safety end points were prespecified for evaluation through 12 months after randomization and included (1) MACCRE, defined as the composite of cardiovascular death, embolic stroke, device-associated and/or procedure-associated adverse cardiac events, or new onset or worsening of kidney dysfunction (defined as a decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate of more than 20 mL/min/1.73 m²); (2) HF hospitalization (which included intravenous diuretics at a health care facility); (3) change from baseline in loop diuretic dose, left heart structure or function (as recorded by echocardiography), NYHA class, quality of life (per the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire [KCCQ]¹⁶ and EuroQol 5-Dimension scale [EQ-5D]¹⁷), and 6MWT distance; and (4) assessment of shunt flow. Additional safety end points prespecified at 12 months included (1) the need for implant removal or occlusion of the implant; (2) major adverse cardiac events; (3) all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality; (4) newly acquired persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter; (5) implant embolization and clinically significant device migration; (6) systemic embolic events; and (7) increase in RV size and decrease in RV function.

All analyses for the 12-month efficacy and safety end points included here were based on an intention-to-treat (ITT) analytic data set of all randomized patients, except for 1 patient who withdrew from the trial at the index procedure, with documentation of missing data because of participant withdrawal from the study or because of deaths during follow-up. For outcomes that are associated with a change from baseline, the values at baseline and at the point of interest are presented. Dichotomous outcomes were compared between treatment arms using the Fisher exact test. Kaplan-Meier estimates of event rate were computed if there was a time-to-event component of the end point, and treatments were compared on such end points using the log-rank test. Treatment arms were compared using Poisson regression by their per patient-year rate of total HF-associated admissions or visits requiring intravenous diuretics. Changes in quality of life at 12 months, measured as changes in each of EQ-5D scale dimensions and KCCQ overall summary and clinical summary scores, were compared across treatment groups using analysis of covariance, adjusting for baseline quality of life. Additionally, a mixed-effect model repeated-measures analysis¹⁸ with baseline quality of life as a covariate was used to compare treatments simultaneously across all points through 12 months. The underlying within-patient covariance matrix was assumed to be unstructured. Change in NYHA class was compared across treatment groups using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.

All statistical tests were carried out at a 2-sided .05 level of significance, and all P values were 2-sided. Analyses were carried out using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute).

Figure 1 displays the study participant flow diagram up to 12 months, and Table 1 displays the baseline characteristics of the study participants in the 2 study arms (IASD vs sham-control groups) for all randomly assigned patients. There were no statistically significant differences between the study arms for any baseline characteristic, with the exception of race/ethnicity (in the IASD group: 0 African American patients, 19 white patients [86%], and 3 patients reporting other races/ethnicities [14%]; in the control group, 4 African American patients [18%], 18 white patients [82%], and 0 patients reporting other races/ethnicities; P = .03).

One patient withdrew from the study at the time of the index procedure after being randomly assigned because of an inability to access the right atrium from the femoral vein for insertion of the intracardiac echocardiography probe (because of a previously unrecognized inferior vena cava filter). The participant was unblinded immediately after the attempt and withdrew consent on learning that device placement was not feasible. Thus, the population used for 12-month analysis consisted of 21 patients in the IASD arm and 22 patients in the sham control arm.

As shown in Table 1, the patients enrolled in the REDUCE LAP-HF I trial were typical of other HFpEF studies: they were elderly (median [interquartile range (IQR)] age, 71 [66-76] years), obese (median [IQR] body mass index, 35 [31-39]), and had a high prevalence of multiple comorbidities (eg, hypertension in 38 of 44 participants [86%]). The patients had a quality of life (EQ-5D scale median [IQR] score: 0.7 [0.5-0.8]) that was worse than other contemporary HFpEF studies, such as the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) trial.¹⁹ Exercise tolerance was also quite low at baseline, as judged by a mean (SD) 6MWT distance of 257.4 (101.9) m across both groups. On echocardiography, LV ejection fraction was midrange or preserved in all participants (median [IQR], 60% [55%-65%]), mean LV and RV sizes were normal, and mean RV systolic function was normal (Table 1). Study participants had evidence of diastolic dysfunction, based on an enlarged LA and increased E/e′ ratio (a marker of LV filling pressures including early mitral filling velocity [E] and early diastolic mitral annular velocity [e′]; IASD group: median [IQR], 15.2 [10.2-17.5]; control group: 15 [13-17.9]). In addition, LA volume index (IASD group: median [IQR], 45.6 [34.9-52.8] mL/m²; control group: 36.5 [28.9-48.4] mL/m²) was larger than RA volume index (IASD group: median [IQR], 29.7 [24-33.6] mL/m²; control group: 26.1 [18.5-33.7] mL/m²), which is indicative of chronically increased LV filling pressures without considerable right-sided HF. Invasive hemodynamic testing revealed evidence of elevated PCWP with exercise (IASD group: PCWP with legs down: median [IQR], 19 [15-30] mm Hg; PCWP at peak exercise, 38 [34-42] mm Hg; control group: PCWP with legs down: 19 [17-25] mm Hg; PCWP at peak exercise, 35 [33-45] mm Hg) and PCWP pressure greater than RA pressure (median [IQR] gradient at rest: IASD group, 9 [6-18]; control group: 11 [7-14]), with no significant pulmonary arterial hypertension or RV failure.

Through 1 year, there were no differences in MACCRE events among those assigned to the IASD arm (2 of 21 [9.5%]) compared with control group participants (5 of 22 [22.7%]; P = .41 by Fisher exact test; P = .20 by log-rank test). There was also no difference in all-cause mortality between the IASD group (1 of 21 [4.8%]) vs those in the control group (3 of 22 [13.6%]; P = .61), and no strokes in either group (eTable 2 in Supplement 2 and Figure 2A). Quiz Ref IDThere were no differences in HF-associated admissions or visits requiring intravenous diuretics among patients assigned to the IASD arm vs the control patients, and the rates of HF-related admissions or visits requiring intravenous diuretics were 0.22 (95% CI, 0.08-0.58) per patient-year for those assigned to the IASD arm compared with 0.63 in the control arm (95% CI, 0.33-1.21; P = .06; Table 2). Figure 2B displays the cumulative incidence of HF events over the first year of the trial. By the end of the year, the cumulative incidence of HF events requiring intravenous diuresis was 19% in the IASD arm vs 41% in the control arm (log-rank P = .08). Figure 2B also shows that there was a longer time from randomization to first HF event requiring intravenous diuresis in the IASD arm (mean [SD], 178 [47] days) vs the control arm (mean [SD], 70 [83] days).

At 1 year, shunt patency was documented in all participants who received the IASD and were still alive. (eFigure 2 in Supplement 2 displays a transthoracic echocardiogram color Doppler example of left-to-right interatrial shunt flow in the subcostal view at 1 year.) Despite shunt patency and evidence of left-to-right interatrial shunt flow associated with IASD use, there was no evidence of greater increases in number of diuretic medications or total daily loop diuretic dose through 1 year in the IASD arm compared with the control group. There were also no significant changes in left heart structure or function at 6 and at 12 months (eFigure 3 in Supplement 2), and there was a nonsignificant difference in reduction in LA volume index in the IASD arm vs the control arm at 12 months (IASD group: mean [SD] reduction, −6.3 [10.7] mL/m²; control group: 1.5 [14.2] mL/m²; P = .08).

Figure 3 displays the change in NYHA class over time. There was a nonsignificant difference in improvement in NYHA class from baseline to 12 months in those assigned to the IASD group (median [IQR], −1 [−1 to 0]) compared with those in the control group (median [IQR], 0 [−1 to 0]; P = .08). There were no significant changes in other quality-of-life indicators (KCCQ or EQ-5D; Table 2). The statistical analysis of quality-of-life indicators using an mixed-effect model repeated-measures analysis instead of an analysis of covariance model showed similar findings.

Table 2 also shows that there were no significant differences in 6MWT distance between groups at 12 months. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of clinical characteristics, the 6MWT distance was longer and the frequency of prior year HF hospitalizations was lower in the IASD-treated patients. Thus, we evaluated the association of these differences with MACCRE, HF hospitalization, 6MWT distance, and NYHA class. We found that adjustment for these baseline differences between groups had no association of treatment assignment with these outcomes (eTable 3 in Supplement 2).

Implantation of the IASD generated the following observations. At 12 months, the rates of all-cause death were comparable between the 2 study arms (IASD group: 1 of 21 [4.8%]; control group: 3 of 22 [13.6%]; P = .61); rates were also comparable for cardiovascular death (IASD group: 1 of 21 [4.8%]; control group: 1 of 22 [4.6%]; P > .99; eTable 2 in Supplement 2). At 12 months, the rate of major adverse cardiovascular events was also comparable between the 2 study arms (eTable 2 in Supplement 2). None of the IASD-treated participants experienced device embolization, device occlusion, or device migration, and none required a second procedure for removal or occlusion of the device (eTable 2 in Supplement 2). Through 12 months of follow-up, there were also no strokes or transient ischemic attacks reported in the IASD arm. In addition, none of the IASD-treated participants developed persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter through 12 months (eTable 2 in Supplement 2).

Quiz Ref IDAs shown in eFigure 3 in Supplement 2, at 6 months after randomization, there was a small increase in RV size in the IASD group (median [IQR], 9.1 [5.8-11.0] mL/m²) compared with the control group (median [IQR], −1.9 [−4.4 to 3.8] mL/m²; P = .002), which is consistent with left-to-right shunting through the device. There was no further increase in RV size in the IASD group at 12 months. In addition, the increase in RV size was not associated with a decrease in RV systolic function as assessed by RV ejection fraction or tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion at either 6 or 12 months. In patients in whom pulmonary artery systolic pressure was measurable by echocardiography, there was no change from baseline to 1 year (IASD group: median [IQR] change, −0.4 [−7.9 to 10.5] mm Hg; control group: −0.2 [−3.5 to 2.3] mm Hg; P = .82).

At the 12-month visit, 18 patients in each group completed the blinding status questionnaire (1 withdrew consent, and 4 had died). Fifteen participants (83%) assigned to IASD and all 18 participants (100%) assigned to the control group were still blinded. Blinded study staff completed a total of 40 12-month blinding status questionnaires for the IASD-treated participants, and 57 questionnaires for the control participants. One blinded study coordinator was unblinded to IASD treatment in 1 of the participants, and 1 blinded research nurse was unblinded to the assignment of 2 control patients.

The primary objective of the REDUCE LAP-HF I sham-controlled RCT was to evaluate the periprocedural safety and mechanistic effect of implanting the IASD System II in patients with HF who had an LVEF equal to or greater than 40% and elevated left-sided filling pressures, who remain symptomatic despite optimal guideline-directed medical therapy. As previously reported, at 1 month, exercise PCWP was significantly reduced in the IASD treatment group compared to the sham control.¹⁰ Here we documented the association of IASD use with clinical efficacy and safety end points at 1 year. The main findings of the 12-month analysis are that the IASD remained patent with left-to-right shunt flow in all patients and was safe compared with a sham control procedure. We also found that the IASD-treated patients had similar HF hospitalization rates, NYHA class, quality of life measures (via the KCCQ and EQ-5D), and exercise capacity as measured by the 6MWT distance.

Given the small study size (n = 44) and a primary objective to evaluate mechanistic efficacy (lowering of PCWP with exercise) and periprocedural safety through 1 month postrandomization, it is not surprising that the REDUCE LAP-HF I trial was underpowered to detect significant differences in 12-month end points. In addition, right heart catheterization and hemodynamic assessment were not repeated after 1 year.

However, it is reassuring that IASD placement appears safe up to 12 months. In particular, there were no strokes or transient ischemic attacks in the IASD-treated patients. In addition, there were no complications associated with the IASD (eg, device failure or migration) that would require removal of the device. Importantly, there was not a single adverse outcome that was more common in the IASD arm compared with the control arm. While the changes in NYHA class and rates of HF events requiring intravenous diuresis in the IASD-treated patients compared with the control participants are promising, clinical end points will need to be further evaluated in a larger, more adequately powered trial.

Some changes in cardiac structure and function are to be expected after implantation of an IASD. With shunting of blood from the overloaded LA to the lower-pressure RA, the RV must accommodate an increase in preload. Thus, as expected, there was a significant increase in RV size at 6 months, although this change appeared to plateau, with no significant further increase between 6 and 12 months. In addition, despite the rise in RV size in response to the IASD, there was no change in RV systolic function through the first year. The LA decreased in size in the participants in the IASD arm compared with those in the control arm, although this difference did not achieve statistical significance. A significant reduction in LA volume in response to the IASD, if corroborated in a larger trial, could be a promising finding, given that LA plays a central role in the pathogenesis of HFpEF^20-22 and that reduction in LA volume over time may be associated with improved outcomes in this patient population.

The 12-month results of the REDUCE LAP-HF I trial shown here are consistent with our prior observations in an open-label, single arm study,^13,15 which included 64 patients with LVEF equal to or greater than 40%, NYHA class II to IV symptoms, and elevated PCWP (≥15 mm Hg at rest or ≥25 mm Hg during supine bicycle exercise). The open-label study found that, 1 year after IASD implantation, there were sustained improvements in NYHA class, a small, stable reduction in LV end-diastolic volume index per echocardiography, and a small stable increase in RV end-diastolic volume index, all of which were highly statistically significant. Invasive hemodynamic studies performed in a subset of patients enrolled in the open-label trial demonstrated a sustained reduction in the workload-corrected exercise PCWP at 1 year after IASD implantation (P < .01). Survival at 1 year in this trial was 95%, and there was no evidence of device-associated complications. The results of the REDUCE LAP-HF I trial add to the prior open-label study findings, providing a gold-standard, sham-controlled RCT evidence of safety and device patency 1 year after IASD implantation. In addition, the improvement in NYHA class and the echocardiographic changes in response to the IASD were similar in the 2 studies, underscoring the consistency of these findings.

Quiz Ref IDThe finding that all IASD-treated patients had patent shunts with no obstruction to flow at 12 months is reassuring and an important difference between the Corvia IASD (which is valveless) and other interatrial shunt devices (which include a valve). Open-label studies of the V-wave device (V-Wave Medical), which is an hourglass-shaped interatrial shunt device that includes a valve, showed that by 12 months after implantation shunt occlusion occurred in 5 of 36 patients (14%), and 13 of 36 patients (36%) had shunt stenosis.²³ Thus, at 1 year post-implantation, there was 50% device malfunction or failure in the V-wave device vs 0% in the open-label study and RCT of the Corvia IASD. The patency rate of the IASD demonstrates its durability.

The major strength of the current study is the sham-controlled, blinded RCT design. In addition, patients were studied from multiple perspectives: physiologic (invasive hemodynamics and echocardiography), quality of life and functional limitation (KCCQ, EQ-5D, NYHA, and 6MWT), and clinical outcomes (MACCRE, HF hospitalization, and safety).

The study is limited by its relatively small sample size and therefore it does not provide adequate power to definitively evaluate clinical benefit or safety. Although there were no statistically significant differences in clinical characteristics among groups, the control group had lower 6MWT distance and a higher frequency of HF hospitalization in the year before the study began. These imbalances did not affect the main 1-year results; however, these differences between treatment groups are also indicative of the limitation of a small sample size. An ongoing large-scale pivotal trial of the IASD in patients with HF who have EF equal to or greater than 40% is currently underway.

In patients with HF and EF equal to or greater than 40%, IASD implantation lowered exercise PCWP at 1 month and was found to be safe at 1 year compared with a sham procedure. In addition, device patency was confirmed at 12 months in all participants randomized to the IASD. Although, as anticipated, RV volumes increased slightly in the IASD-treated patients, no adverse safety signal was observed. These results are encouraging, but they require a larger study for further clinical evaluation. A larger-scale, blinded, sham-controlled, pivotal RCT is currently underway to determine the clinical efficacy of the IASD in HF and EF equal to or greater than 40%.

Corresponding Author: Sanjiv J. Shah, MD, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N St Clair St, Ste 600, Chicago, IL 60611 (sanjiv.shah@northwestern.edu).

Accepted for Publication: August 1, 2018.

Published Online: August 27, 2018. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.2936

Author Contributions: Drs Shah and Massaro had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Shah, Feldman, and Mauri contributed equally to this article.

Concept and design: Shah, Feldman, Petrie, Burkhoff, Cleland, Mauri.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.

Drafting of the manuscript: Shah, Feldman

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.

Statistical analysis: Shah, Massaro.

Obtained funding: Mauri.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Shah, Feldman, Lilly, Litwin, van der Harst, Walton, Petrie, Basuray, Yakubov, Forde-McLean.

Supervision: Shah, Feldman, Kahwash, van der Harst, Penicka, Kaye, Petrie, Basuray, Burkhoff, Cleland, Mauri.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Dr Burkhoff reports receiving personal fees from Corvia Medical Inc, outside of the submitted work. Dr Chetcuti reports personal fees and grants from Medtronic, personal fees from Boston Scientific and JENA, and grants from Edwards and Biotrace. Dr Cleland reports nonfinancial support from Corvia Medical Inc during the conduct of the study and grants and personal fees from Novartis outside the submitted work. Dr Feldman reports grants from Corvia Medical Inc during the conduct of the study and grants and personal fees from Abbott, BSC, Edwards, and Gore outside the submitted work. Dr Herrmann reports grants from Corvia Medical Inc during the conduct of the study. Dr Hummel reports serving as a trial site principal investigator for Corvia Medical Inc during the conduct of the study, as well as for Pfizer, Novartis, and AstraZeneca; he also reports receiving grants from PurFoods, LLC. Dr Massaro reports that he is a paid statistical consultant for Corvia Medical Inc and has been paid for some analyses presented in this article. Dr Mauri reports that she is advisory board member, a clinical trial design committee member, and executive committee chairperson for Corvia Medical Inc during the conduct of this study; she has also received grants and personal fees from Amgen, Boehringer Ingleheim, and Recor and grants from Biotronik, Boston Scientific, and Svelte outside the submitted work. Dr Shah reports receiving funding from the National Institutes of Health (grants R01 HL127028 and R01 HL 107577), Actelion, AstraZeneca, Corvia Medical Inc, and Novartis and receiving consulting fees from Actelion, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Cardiora, Eisai, Ironwood, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and United Therapeutics. Dr Walton reports receiving grants and personal fees from Medtronic and Abbott. No other disclosures were reported.

Disclaimer: Dr Shah is Associate Editor of JAMA Cardiology, but he was not involved in any of the decisions regarding review of the manuscript or its acceptance.

Funding/Support: The study was funded by Corvia Medical Inc.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: Corvia Medical Inc had no role in the conduct of the study; collection, management, or analysis, of the data; review or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The REDUCE LAP-HF I trial was designed jointly by the academic steering committee and the sponsor. Interpretation of the results and preparation of the report were the responsibility of the co–principal investigators (Drs Shah and Feldman), who received grants from Corvia Medical Inc during the conduct of this study, and the chair of the steering committee (Dr Mauri), who was also the executive committee chairperson for Corvia Medical Inc during the conduct of this study.

Meeting Presentation: This paper was presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2018; August 27, 2018; Munich, Germany.

Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 3.

Additional Contributions: Data collection was done by the Baim Institute for Clinical Research. We thank Wen-Hua Hsieh, PhD, Baim Institute for Clinical Research, for statistical analyses. He was compensated via his regular wages as an employee of the Baim Institute for Clinical Research, which received funding from the sponsor of this study.