There are several reasons to doubt that we can expand the supply of high-quality critical care to meet the expected surge in demand brought on by an aging population. First, critical care expenditures already strain nations' abilities to meet other socially desirable goals.1 Second, most critically ill patients are cared for by physicians who lack specific training in critical care medicine,2 a staffing model that has been associated with worse outcomes in most studies.3 Third, severe shortages are projected in critical care workforces.4,5 Therefore, if the capacity of critical care is relatively fixed, we must instead try to improve the efficiency of care.6