Personalized medicine is not a new concept. Physicians have long aspired to treat each patient as an individual, recognizing distinct biological factors, including genetics, and social factors that affect susceptibility to disease, treatment responses, and adherence to therapies. Well before the availability of genomics and other ‘omics tests (ie, big data technologies), treatment approaches based on individual differences between patients, such as cholesterol measurements, blood pressure, smoking history, family history, and other clinical findings, were used to devise personalized treatments.1