Association of Different Types of Childhood Maltreatment With Emotional Responding and Response Control Among Youths

This cross-sectional study examines the association of amount and different type of childhood maltreatment with responsiveness in regions of the brain implicated in emotional responding and response control in youths.

eTable 3. Analysis of Significant Areas of Activation for Abuse vs Neglect Not Reported in Table 2. eTable 4. Analysis of Significant Areas of Activation for Total CTQ Score Reported in Table 2 With Added Covariates for Recruitment and Clinical Diagnoses eTable 5. Analysis of Significant Areas of Activation for Abuse vs Neglect Reported in Table 2 With Added Covariates for Recruitment and Clinical Diagnoses eTable 6. Analysis of Significant Areas of Activation for Abuse: EA vs PA eTable 7. Analysis of Significant Areas of Activation for SA: SA vs EA, PA, EN, and PN eTable 8. Analysis of Significant Area of Activation for Neglect: EN vs PN eTable 9. Analysis of Significant Areas of Activation for Abuse as the Only Covariate eTable 10. Analysis of Significant Areas of Activation for Neglect as the Only Covariate This supplementary material has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. eAppendix 3. Details of Scanning Parameters Whole-brain blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI data were acquired using a 3.0 Tesla Siemens Skyra Magnetic Resonance Scanner. A total of 384 functional images were taken, divided over two runs, with a T2* weighted gradient echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence (repetition time (TR)=2500ms, echo time (TE)=27ms, flip angle=90, field-of-view (FOV)=240mm). Whole-brain coverage was obtained with 43 axial slices (thickness, 2.5mm; voxel size 2.6x2.6x2.5mm 3 ; distance factor 21%). In the same session, a high-resolution T1weighed anatomical image was acquired to aid with spatial normalization (MP-RAGE, repetition time=2200ms, echo time=2.48ms; 230mm field of view; 8 o flip angle; 256x208 matrix) was acquired to register with the EPI dataset. Whole-brain coverage was obtained with 176 axial slices (thickness 1mm; voxel size 0.9x0.9x1mm 3 , distance factor 50%).

fMRI Analysis: Data Preprocessing and Individual Level Analysis
Functional MRI data were preprocessed and analyzed using Analysis of Functional NeuroImages (AFNI) software. 33 Data from the first four repetitions were collected prior to magnetization equilibrium and were discarded. The anatomical scan for each participant was registered to the Talairach and Tournoux atlas 34 and each participant's functional EPI data were registered to their Talairach anatomical scan in AFNI. Functional images were motion corrected and spatially smoothed with a 6-mm full width half maximum Gaussian kernel. The data then underwent time series normalization and these results were multiplied by 100 for each voxel. Therefore, the resultant regression coefficients are representative of a percentage of signal change from the mean.
Following this, regressors depicting each of the response types were created by convolving the train of stimulus events with a gamma-variate haemodynamic response function to account for the slow haemodynamic response. This involved 10 regressors (Negative View, Negative Congruent, Negative Incongruent, Neutral View, Neutral Congruent, Neutral Incongruent, Positive View, Positive Congruent, Positive Incongruent, error/ missed responses).
Linear regression modelling was then performed using the regressors described above plus regressors to model a first order baseline drift function. This produced for each voxel and each regressor, a beta coefficient and its associated t-statistic.

Statistical Analyses Performed
Behavioral and movement data: The reaction time (RT) and accuracy data were analysed using two separate 2 (Sex: Male, Female) by 2 (Task Condition: Congruent, Incongruent) by 3 (Valence (Sex: Male, Female) by 2 (Task Condition: Congruent, Incongruent) by 3 (Valence: Negative, Neutral, Positive) ANCOVAs with BLOM transformed CTQ Total scores as the covariate.
Correlation analyses were conducted to determine the associations between BLOM transformed CTQ total scores, abuse (EA+SA+PA) and neglect (EN+PN) scores, and censored volumes, average motion per volume, and maximum displacement during scanning. Volumes were censored if there was >0.5 mm motion across adjacent volumes. For all these analyses significance was considered at p<0.05.

Behavioral data
There were main effects of task for both RT and accuracy (F(1,113)

Movement data
There were no significant correlations between CTQ Total Score, abuse, neglect, or any of the abuse or neglect sub-scores (EA, SA, PA, EN, PN) and censored volumes (r range=0.004 to 0.082; ns), average motion per volume (r range=0.004 to 0.084; ns), and maximum displacement during scanning (r range=0.001 to 0.072; ns Activations are effects observed in whole brain analyses significant at p<0.001, corrected for multiple comparisons (significant at p<0.05), except ^p<0001 corrected for multiple comparisons (significant at p<0.05).   Activations are effects observed in whole brain analyses significant at p<0.001, corrected for multiple comparisons (significant at p<0.05), except ^p<0001 corrected for multiple comparisons (significant at p<0.05).