Icotinib With Concurrent Radiotherapy vs Radiotherapy Alone in Older Adults With Unresectable Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

This randomized clinical trial assesses the efficacy and toxicity of radiotherapy plus icotinib compared with radiotherapy alone in older patients with unresectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in China.


Introduction
Concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT) remains the standard therapy for unresectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). 1,24][5] Serious acute toxic effects, such as grade 3/4 hematologic toxicity, esophagitis, and pneumonitis, were commonly observed. 4,6,7In a retrospective analysis, only 33.3% of older patients completed chemoradiation, whereas 68.3% of nonelderly patients completed it. 4eatment-related death was suspected in up to 18% of patients older than 75 years who underwent CCRT, even when both chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) were reduced in dose and field when necessary. 8Concurrent chemoradiation therapy showed no superiority over RT alone in survival. 6lliative RT is generally recommended for older patients, but with limited survival benefit. 1,9idermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in 30% to 70% of patients with ESCC and is associated with poor prognosis and an inferior response to conventional treatment. 102][13] An impaired overall survival (OS) was reported in the SCOPE1 trial, 12 which may be partly due to the additional toxic effects.Thus, tolerance and toxicity should be carefully evaluated when delivering combined therapy, especially in older patients.The EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) helps disrupt cell growth pathways and makes cells more sensitive to RT. 14,15 Icotinib, an oral EGFR TKI, has been reported to markedly inhibit the proliferation of the human epidermoid squamous carcinoma A431 cell line with a high level of EGFR. 16ng et al 17 have evaluated the feasibility of icotinib in patients with advanced ESCC with EGFR overexpression.The efficacy and safety of combined EGFR inhibitors and RT has also been confirmed in patients with ESCC who are intolerant of CCRT. 18,19The pilot study of erlotinib plus RT revealed a 2-year survival rate of 44.4% with a reasonable safety profile. 18 therefore launched a randomized, multicenter, open-label, phase II clinical trial to investigate whether icotinib in combination with concurrent RT was superior to RT alone in older patients with ESCC.

Study Design
This randomized, multicenter, open-label, phase II clinical trial was conducted at Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Huaian First People's Hospital and Lishui Central Hospital in China.The trial protocol (Supplement 1) was approved by the institutional review board and independent ethics committee of each participating center.All patients provided written informed consent.Patients' records were anonymized and deidentified prior to analysis.This study followed the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) reporting guideline.

Patient Eligibility
Eligible patients had histologically confirmed unresectable or medically inoperable ESCC clinically staged as T2 to 24, N0/1, M0/1a according to the 2002 International Union against Cancer TNM staging system and unsuitable for concurrent chemoradiation owing to comorbidities or patient choice.
Other eligibility criteria included age of 70 years or older; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 2 or less; adequate renal, liver, and bone marrow reserve; and adequate nutritional intake.
Ineligibility criteria included history of other tumors, tracheoesophageal fistula, metastatic disease, severe dysphagia causing an inability to swallow icotinib, prior systemic treatment or thoracic radiation, and significant medical or psychiatric illnesses that would compromise the proposed treatment.

JAMA Network Open | Oncology
Icotinib With Radiotherapy vs Radiotherapy Alone in Older Adults With ESCC

Randomization and Masking
Eligible patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive RT plus icotinib or RT alone and stratified by T stage (T2 vs T3 vs T4), N stage (N0 vs N+), and ECOG performance status (0 or 1 vs 2).
The minimization method was used to ensure balanced stratification. 20Central randomization was done with the use of the random number table method.Patients, study staff, and the sponsor were unmasked to treatment assignment.

Baseline Characteristics Evaluation
Age, sex, ECOG performance score, tumor stage, location, length, weight loss, and dysphagia were assessed.Degree of dysphagia was evaluated using the Atkinson scale (scores range from 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater dysphagia). 21

Treatment Schedule
Radiotherapy was administered in both groups using high-energy linear accelerators with conventional fraction, 3-dimensional conformal technique or intensity-modulated RT.Gross tumor volume was defined as the primary tumor and any enlarged regional lymph nodes.Clinical target volume included the gross tumor volume plus a 5-cm expansion superiorly and inferiorly along the length of the esophagus and a 1-cm radial expansion and supraclavicular and mediastinal lymph node regions.Gross tumor volume was planned to receive 60 Gy (30 fractions at 2 Gy per fraction) and 40 Gy to clinical target volume (20 fractions at 2 Gy per fraction).
Icotinib was orally administrated as a 125-mg dose delivered 3 times per day concurrently with RT.Treatment was not interrupted unless stopped owing to excessive toxic effects, disease progression, or patient's request. 22

Dose Modifications
Acute and late radiation toxicity was scored according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group morbidity scoring criteria.Irradiation was interrupted for grade 3 or higher toxicity.Radiotherapy was restarted when toxicity recovered to grade 2 or lower.A 1-week treatment break from icotinib was required for grade 3 or higher toxicity.Interruptions were allowed for up to 2 weeks.Oral icotinib was restarted at full dose when toxicity resolved to grade 2 or lower.

EGFR Expression Assessment
Levels of EGFR expression were assessed using immunohistochemistry analysis in the central laboratory and scored independently by 2 pathologists who were blinded to clinical information using a 4-tier scoring scheme as follows: 0, no staining; 1+, faint cytoplasmic or/and membranous reactivity; 2+, moderate cytoplasmic and/or membranous reactivity; and 3+, strong cytoplasmic and/or membranous reactivity in at least 10% of tumor cells.If they could not reach agreement, a third pathologist helped with scoring.Tumors with a score of 3+ were interpreted as high expression (EGFR overexpression); others were interpreted as low EGFR expression.

Evaluation and Follow-up
All patients were hospitalized and assessed weekly during the treatment course or more often if clinically indicated.A history and physical examination, including a complete blood cell count were performed weekly, and serum chemistry was repeated every 2 weeks for toxicity assessment.The disease progression was suspected.Esophageal recurrence was confirmed by histology or cytology.
Treatment failure was defined as any sign of local or regional recurrence or distant metastasis.

Outcomes
The primary end point was OS, which was defined as the time from the date of group assignment to the date of death or the last follow-up (June 30, 2019).The secondary end points including progression-free survival (PFS) and treatment toxicity.Progression-free survival was measured from randomization until disease progression, death, or the date of the last follow-up.

Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed from July 1 to September 30, 2019.Sample size was estimated according to the methodology by Lakatos. 23,24This trial was designed to have an 80% power to detect a 20% 2-year survival improvement (from 30% to 50%) with the addition of icotinib to concurrent RT, 25 assuming an accrual time of 1 year, a minimum 2-year follow-up, and 5% missing data.The trial needed a recruitment of 127 patients (63 in the control group and 64 in the combination treatment group) with 80% power to detect an improvement in 2-year survival (Supplement 1).
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, version 20.0 (SPSS Inc).Efficacy and toxicity were evaluated in the intention-to-treat population.The χ 2 test was used to evaluate differences of patient characteristics and toxicity.Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method.
We did a stratified log-rank comparison of OS in the intention-to-treat population.

Patient Characteristics
Between January 1, 2015, and October 31, 2016, 127 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed ESCC were enrolled in the trial; 63 were randomized to receive RT, and 64 were randomized to RT plus icotinib (Figure 1).Detailed demographic and baseline characteristics are listed in Table 1.The median age was 76 years (range, 70-91 years), 76 patients were men (59.8%), and 51 were women

Treatment-Related Toxicity
The incidence of treatment-related toxic effects is shown in  2B).Patients in the RT plus icotinib group had a significantly longer PFS (hazard ratio, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.37-0.92;P = .02).
The survival benefit of icotinib added to RT was evident in all subgroups examined (Figure 3).
By univariate and multivariate analysis, use of icotinib was an independent prognostic factor (eTables 1 and 2 in Supplement 2).

Expression of EGFR Protein
In the post hoc analysis, EGFR protein expression was evaluated in 61 patients (48.0%) from whom there were sufficient pretreatment tumor tissues for immunohistochemistry, including 32 (50%)

Patterns of Failure
The crude patterns of primary failure are shown in eTable 3 in Supplement 2. Twenty-six patients (40.6%) in the RT plus icotinib group experienced disease recurrence compared with 41 (65.1%) in the RT group.The incidence of local or regional recurrence was significantly lower in the RT plus icotinib group (26 patients [40.6%]) than the RT group (38 patients [60.3%]) (P = .03).Adding icotinib to RT diminished the rate of distant metastasis (6.3% vs 15.9%, respectively; P = .08),but this finding was not statistically significant.

Discussion
Because of their reduced physiologic reserve of body function and highly prevalent comorbidities, older patients have poor tolerance for CCRT and are at increased risk of toxic effects.Therefore, palliative RT has been generally recommended.Modern approaches to cancer treatment focus on combination strategies involving targeted therapy and RT.The essential hypothesis of the present trial was that icotinib concurrently administered with RT would promote local and regional effects as well as diminish distant metastases.
Our trial found that patients who received concurrent icotinib with RT had significantly longer OS and PFS than those who received RT alone.The OS benefit persisted across all subgroups.The available data suggest that the combination resulted in not only less local and regional recurrence but also fewer distant metastases at 2 years.
Few studies have reported the application of RT plus EGFR TKIs in older patients with esophageal cancer. 26,27The combination of gefitinib plus RT for elderly patients was reported by Xu and colleagues. 26Their results showed a median OS of 14.0 months, with 5 of 20 patients experiencing severe toxic effects. 26In a pilot study 18 evaluating the efficacy of concurrent erlotinib and RT for chemoradiotherapy-intolerant patients with ESCC, the median OS was 21.1 months, which is similar to our experimental group.Inconsistent with our results, RTOG 0436 trial 13 failed to demonstrate the superiority of the addition EGFR inhibitor to CCRT.We consider that this negative result may be partly due to the higher incidence of toxicity caused by the intensified treatment with CCRT and cetuximab.In addition, unlike our study, RTOG 0436 enrolled patients with a mixture of squamous cell cancer and adenocarcinoma, which may weaken the benefits of cetuximab. 13dian survival and 2-year survival in the RT group in our trial was higher compared with the RT-alone arm of RTOG 85-01 (16.3 vs 8.9 months, 29.6% vs 10%). 28This finding may be partly owing to the progress of modern technique and greater experience in radiation management.Our results that favored adding icotinib to RT did not depend on worsened data in the control group.
The ARTDECO study 29 explored definitive radiotherapy concurrent with carboplatin and paclitaxel in locally advanced esophageal cancer and demonstrated a 3-year local progression-free interval of 77% for ESCC and a 3-year OS rate of 40%.The median age of these patients was 70 years.
These findings suggested the safety and tolerability of CCRT in older patients.However, in our study, enrolled patients were older than in the ArtDeco trial.In the present study, more than 70% of patients were malnourished.These differences may contribute to the difference in CCRT tolerance.
Our study showed that this combined therapy was generally well tolerated in patients with ESCC.The toxic effects associated with icotinib and RT did not overlap.The addition of icotinib did not increase other toxic reactions except for mild skin rash and diarrhea.The safety profile of icotinib observed in this trial was consistent with that seen previously with EGFR TKIs for the treatment of esophageal cancer. 17,306 No significant difference was found in radiation pneumonitis between the RT plus icotinib group and RT group.2][33] Therefore, the combination of icotinib and RT had a more favorable toxicity profile than did CRT.
A previous study has evaluated the feasibility of icotinib in patients with advanced ESCC with EGFR overexpression. 17The response rate was higher (17.6% vs 0%, P = .34)for patients with high EGFR-expressing tumors.Furthermore, all patients who responded to icotinib showed EGFR overexpression.Another study suggested that EGFR amplification appears to identify a subgroup of patients with esophageal cancer who may benefit from gefitinib. 34Few studies evaluated the association between EGFR expression and survival parameters in EGFR TKIs combined with RT. 35 Our study found that in the RT plus icotinib group, patients with EGFR overexpression had a significantly better OS (not reached vs 16.3 months, P = .03).In addition, EGFR expression could help identify patients who will benefit more from the combination of EGFR TKIs and RT.

Limitations
Our study has some limitations.Tumor tissues were obtained from only 61 patients for EGFR expression assessment.Analysis of EGFR expression was conducted with a limited sample size, and we did not include EGFR status as part of the eligibility criteria.We analyzed the data at a median follow-up of approximately 2 years.Long-term follow-ups are warranted to evaluate the toxic effects and efficacy.Icotinib is not currently available outside China.

Conclusions
The findings of this study suggest that concurrent therapy with icotinib and RT was well tolerated and tended to improve survival in older patients with ESCC.Patients with EGFR overexpression seemed to benefit more from icotinib with RT.A phase III trial to further identify the efficacy of icotinib with RT is forthcoming.
treatment toxicity was evaluated by the Common Toxicity Criteria version 4.0 and was recorded according to the worst score achieved during treatment.Response of the primary tumor was determined 2 months after the completion of RT.Patients were scheduled to undergo neck-thorax-abdomen computed tomography and esophagogastroduodenoscopy.Follow-up was regularly carried out at 3-month intervals in the first 2 years, at 6-month intervals for 3 years, and then annually.Assessment was performed whenever JAMA Network Open | Oncology Icotinib With Radiotherapy vs Radiotherapy Alone in Older Adults With ESCC JAMA Network Open.2020;3(10):e2019440. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19440(Reprinted) October 7

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.CONSORT Diagram of Participant Flow Through the Trial 130 Patients assessed for eligibility

Table 2 .
Treatment-Related Toxic Effects Compared Between the 2 Groups from the RT plus icotinib group and 29 (46%) from the RT group.In the final analysis, no expression of EGFR, 1+ EGFR expression, 2+ EGFR expression, and 3+ EGFR expression were observed in 5, 6, 14, and 7 patients in the RT plus icotinib group and in 11, 2, 15, and 1 patient in RT group, respectively.In the RT plus icotinib group, median OS was not reached in the EGFR overexpression group and was HR indicates hazard ratio; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; and RT, radiotherapy.16.3 months (range, 2.6-45.1 months) in the low EGFR expression group (P = .03)(eFigure 1 in Supplement 2).In the RT group, median OS was 16.2 months (range, 2.6-45.1 months) in patients with low EGFR expression, and the 1 patient with EGFR overexpression lived 32.3 months with no disease progression (eFigure 2 in Supplement 2).