Sodium Intake and Cause-Specific Mortality Among Predominantly Low-Income Black and White US Residents

This cohort study evaluates the associations of excessive dietary sodium with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among predominantly low-income Black and White US residents.


Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants: Black Americans vs White Americans
Abbreviation: mg/day, milligrams per day; n, number; SD, standard deviation; CVD, cardiovascular disease.a.Mean (SD) intake was 4,512 (2,632) mg/day among Black individuals and 4,042 (2,227) mg/day among White individuals b.Included individuals who never married and those who were separated, divorced, widowed, or single c.Defined by tertiles of the total metabolic equivalent of task hours per week d.Defined as nondrinkers, 0 gram/day; moderate drinkers, >0 but ≤28 grams/day for men or >0 but ≤14 grams/day for women; and heavy drinkers, >28 grams/day for men or >14 grams/day for women eTable 3.© 2024 Yoon H-S et al.JAMA Network Open.

All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Relation to Dietary Sodium Intake: Further Adjusting for History of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease Hazard Ratio (95% CI) by Dietary Sodium Intake (mg/day) a
status, medical insurance, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, body mass index, total energy intake, healthy eating index, and history of hypertension and CVD b.Tested by the likelihood ratio test, comparing models with and without the multiplicative interaction term of sodium intake (continuous) x race Abbreviation: mg/day, milligrams per day; no, number; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; ref, reference.a. Adjusted for age, race, sex, education, income, marital

eTable 6. All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Relation to Dietary Sodium Intake: Excluding First 2 Years of Follow-up a Hazard Ratio (95% CI) by Dietary Sodium Intake (mg/day) b
Tested by the likelihood ratio test, comparing models with and without the multiplicative interaction term of sodium intake (continuous) x race Abbreviation: mg/day, milligrams per day; no, number; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; ref, reference.a.Excluded participants who died or were censored within the first two years of follow-up b.Adjusted for age, race, sex, education, income, marital status, medical insurance, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, body mass index, total energy intake, and healthy eating index c.

eTable 7. All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Relation to Dietary Sodium Intake: Excluding Individuals With History of Cardiovascular Disease Hazard Ratio (95% CI) by Dietary Sodium Intake (mg/day) a
Tested by the likelihood ratio test, comparing models with and without the multiplicative interaction term of sodium intake (continuous) x race Abbreviation: mg/day, milligrams per day; no, number; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; ref, reference.a. Adjusted for age, race, sex, education, income, marital status, medical insurance, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, body mass index, total energy intake, and healthy eating index b.© 2024 Yoon H-S et al.JAMA Network Open.eTable 8.

All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Relation to Dietary Sodium Intake: Further Adjusting for Comorbidity Index Hazard Ratio (95% CI) by Dietary Sodium Intake (mg/day) a
. Adjusted for age, race, sex, education, income, marital status, medical insurance, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, body mass index, total energy intake, healthy eating index, and comorbidity index b.Tested by the likelihood ratio test, comparing models with and without the multiplicative interaction term of sodium intake (continuous) x race © 2024 Yoon H-S et al.JAMA Network Open.

eTable 9. All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Relation to Dietary Sodium Intake: Competing Risk Analysis a Hazard Ratio (95% CI) by Dietary Sodium Intake (mg/day) b
Abbreviation: mg/day, milligrams per day; no, number; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; ref, reference.a.For cause-specific mortality outcomes b.Adjusted for age, race, sex, education, income, marital status, medical insurance, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, body mass index, total energy intake, and healthy eating index c.Tested by the likelihood ratio test, comparing models with and without the multiplicative interaction term of sodium intake (continuous) x race