Analysis of Wholesale Cigarette Sales in Canada After Menthol Cigarette Bans

Research on the implications of menthol cigarette bans is crucial to inform evidence-based decision-making and policy changes.^1,2 In Canada, a series of provincial bans were implemented starting in May 2015, until a federal ban took effect in October 2017. To evaluate the bans, we assessed the overall change in cigarette sales associated with the implementation of these menthol cigarette bans across all provinces in Canada between 2010 and 2018.

We used wholesale cigarette sales data that were reported to Health Canada by manufacturers, which are required to report by province, each brand of tobacco product, the number of units sold, package sizes, and the value of the units sold pursuant to the Tobacco Reporting Regulations (SOR/2000-273) enacted under the Tobacco and Vaping Products Act. Cigarette sales are reported monthly, and returns to companies from wholesalers and retailers are reported as negative values. All data are subject to future review because of resubmissions by companies and audits by Health Canada. The University of Toronto Research Ethics Board deemed this study exempt from review because it did not use data on human subjects. We followed the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) reporting guideline for model-based economic evaluation.³

For each month, net unit cigarette sales for each province were calculated for the period between October 1, 2010, and December 31, 2018, and the data were analyzed from January to May 2021. For comparisons of sales in the provinces (adjusted for the fixed effects of province) and to control for seasonality, the wholesale cigarette sales were converted to a measure representing the percentage change in sales from the same month in the previous year in that province. An indicator was created to represent the presence of a menthol cigarette ban during the month when the first set of regulations was implemented for that jurisdiction (provincial or national ban).¹

The interrupted time series regression analyses were performed using Stata 14, version 14.2 (StataCorp, LLC), and the Durbin-Watson statistic and Prais-Winsten regression were used to account for autoregression. The regression models also included a trend indicator representing the difference in slope after the bans.⁴ The regression models were run using the Cochrane-Orcutt transformation with a search for e (representing error) performed for the value of ρ that minimized the sum-of-squared errors of the transformed equation.⁵ Clustering by province was also specified. Separate analyses were then run by province without the trend indicator to assess only the magnitude of the change associated with the ban. The threshold for statistical significance was P = .05, and the tests were 2-tailed.

Menthol cigarette sales increased gradually in all 10 Canadian provinces from 2013 until the menthol cigarette ban was implemented. After the bans, sales of menthol cigarettes decreased to 0 in all provinces, and the overall percentage change in cigarette sales for the same month in the previous year was 4.6% (Table and Figure). The decrease to 0 menthol cigarette sales across the country suggests compliance with the ban within legal sales channels.

In general, there was no significant trend in overall cigarette sales before implementation of the menthol cigarette bans (beginning in May 2015) (0.001%; 95% CI, –0.002% to 0.004%; P = .48). There was a nonsignificant decline in trend after the bans (−0.06%; 95% CI, −0.21% to 0.09%; P = .39) (Table). The postestimation test of the combined effect size of the ban on the magnitude (−4.6%; 95% CI, −8.2% to −1.0%) and trend (−0.06%; 95% CI, −0.21% to 0.09%) was significant (P = .02). The transformed Durbin-Watson statistic was 2.11, reflecting minimal residual autoregression.

This economic evaluation found that the bans restricting the sale of menthol cigarettes in Canadian provinces were associated with significant reductions in menthol cigarette sales and total cigarette sales. Previous behavioral studies have suggested that menthol cigarette smokers were likely to attempt to quit smoking after the ban.⁴ To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the association between the menthol ban and overall cigarette sales by estimating the percentage change in cigarette sales. However, findings of the present study are consistent with those of previous research that have found associations between the ban and a decrease in sales of cigarettes in Ontario⁴ and a decrease in overall sales of menthol cigarettes in Canada.⁶ A limitation of the study is that some contraband cigarette sales were not included.

Accepted for Publication: September 9, 2021.

Published: November 9, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.33673

Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2021 Chaiton M et al. JAMA Network Open.

Corresponding Author: Michael Chaiton, Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, 155 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada (michael.chaiton@utoronto.ca).

Author Contributions: Dr Chaiton had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Chaiton, Schwartz.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.

Drafting of the manuscript: Chaiton, Kundu.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Chaiton, Schwartz, Houston, Nugent.

Statistical analysis: Chaiton.

Obtained funding: Chaiton, Schwartz.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Schwartz, Houston, Nugent.

Supervision: Nugent.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Chaiton reported receiving grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and National Institutes of Health during the conduct of the study. Ms Kundu reported working as an employee on the grant, and Dr Schwartz and Mr Nugent reported serving as coinvestigators on the grant. Messrs Houston and Nugent reported that they are employed by Health Canada, which was responsible for administering the menthol cigarette regulations. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: This research was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health (grant P50DA036105; Chaiton and Schwartz) and the Center for Tobacco Products of the US Food and Drug Administration and the National Institutes of Health Office of the Director (grant 1R21DA047358-01; Chaiton, Schwartz, and Nugent).

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Disclaimer: The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the views of the National Institutes of Health or the US Food and Drug Administration.