Perhaps no medical specialty can claim more broad relevance across the landscape of human health than the growing field of sleep medicine. One of the most exciting and challenging facets involves understanding—and countering—the effect of sleep deprivation on neurocognitive performance. Rather than focusing on primary sleep disorders or sleep problems related to medical comorbidities, this volume intentionally targets the population of healthy adults who experience sleep deprivation, such as might be incurred through work-shift scheduling. Such a focus is timely and relevant to multiple perspectives, from basic mechanisms and interindividual differences to system-level workforce management and the ethics of pharmacological performance enhancement. This volume succeeds in capturing a blend of up-to-date primary research and broadly relevant overviews of the clinical, research, ethical, and policy aspects of pharmacological countermeasures for sleep loss.