• Birth and perinatal records from all medical facilities serving the Rochester, Minn population from 1965 through 1974 were reviewed for cases of intracranial hemorrhage. Among a total of 10,850 live births, 12 documented cases of hemorrhage were found, yielding an average rate of occurrence of 1.1/1,000 live births. To investigate the role of some 30 potential risk factors, a case-control study was undertaken. Only prematurity and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were significantly associated with intracranial hemorrhage. This study demonstrates that neonatal intracranial hemorrhage is relatively common, associated with prematurity and RDS, difficult to recognize clinically, and characterized by poor prognosis.