Original Investigation
Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level
Global Retinoblastoma Study Group; Ido Didi Fabian, MD; Elhassan Abdallah, MD; Shehu U. Abdullahi, MD; Rula A. Abdulqader, MD; Sahadatou Adamou Boubacar, MD; Dupe S. Ademola-Popoola, FMCOph, FWACS; Adedayo Adio, FWACS; Armin R. Afshar, MD; Priyanka Aggarwal, MD; Ada E. Aghaji, MSc, FMCOph; Alia Ahmad, MRCPCH; Marliyanti N. R. Akib, MD; Lamis Al Harby, MD; Mouroge H. Al Ani, MD; Aygun Alakbarova, MD; Silvia Alarcón Portabella, MD; Safaa A. F. Al-Badri, MD; Ana Patricia A. Alcasabas, MD; Saad A. Al-Dahmash, MD; Amanda Alejos, MD; Ernesto Alemany-Rubio, MD; Amadou I. Alfa Bio, MD; Yvania Alfonso Carreras, MD; Christiane Al-Haddad, MD; Hamoud H. Y. Al-Hussaini, MD, MSc; Amany M. Ali, MD; Donjeta B. Alia, MD; Mazin F. Al-Jadiry, MD; Usama Al-Jumaily, MD; Hind M. Alkatan, MD; Charlotta All-Eriksson, MD, PhD; Ali A. R. M. Al-Mafrachi, FIBMS; Argentino A. Almeida, MD; Khalifa M. Alsawidi, MD; Athar A. S. M. Al-Shaheen, MD; Entissar H. Al-Shammary, MD; Primawita O. Amiruddin, MD; Romanzo Antonino, MD; Nicholas J. Astbury, FRCS, FRCOphth; Hatice T. Atalay, MD; La-ongsri Atchaneeyasakul, MD; Rose Atsiaya, OCO; Taweevat Attaseth, MD; Than H. Aung, MRCSEd; Silvia Ayala; Baglan Baizakova, MD; Julia Balaguer, MD, PhD; Ruhengiz Balayeva, PhD; Walentyna Balwierz, MD; Honorio Barranco, MD, PhD; Covadonga Bascaran, MD, MSc; Maja Beck Popovic, MD; Raquel Benavides, MD; Sarra Benmiloud, MD; Nissrine Bennani Guebessi, MD, PhD; Rokia C. Berete, MD, PhD; Jesse L. Berry, MD; Anirban Bhaduri, MS; Sunil Bhat, MD; Shelley J. Biddulph, FCOph; Eva M. Biewald, MD; Nadia Bobrova, MD; Marianna Boehme; H.C. Boldt, MD; Maria Teresa B. C. Bonanomi, MD, PhD; Norbert Bornfeld, MD; Gabrielle C. Bouda, MD; Hédi Bouguila, MD, PhD; Amaria Boumedane, MD; Rachel C. Brennan, MD; Bénédicte G. Brichard, MD, PhD; Jassada Buaboonnam, MD; Patricia Calderón-Sotelo, MD; Doris A. Calle Jara, MD; Jayne E. Camuglia, FRANZCO; Miriam R. Cano, MD, MSc; Michael Capra, FRCPI; Nathalie Cassoux, MD, PhD; Guilherme Castela, MD; Luis Castillo, MD; Jaume Català-Mora, MD, PhD; Guillermo L. Chantada, MD, PhD; Shabana Chaudhry, MD; Sonal S. Chaugule, MD; Argudit Chauhan, BA; Bhavna Chawla, MD; Violeta S. Chernodrinska, MD, PhD; Faraja S. Chiwanga, MSc; Tsengelmaa Chuluunbat, MD, PhD; Krzysztof Cieslik, MD; Ruellyn L. Cockcroft, MB, ChB, MMedPaed; Codruta Comsa, MD; Zelia M. Correa, MD, PhD; Maria G. Correa Llano, MD; Timothy W. Corson, PhD; Kristin E. Cowan-Lyn, MD, MBBS; Monika Csóka, MD, PhD; Xuehao Cui, MS; Isac V. Da Gama, MD; Wantanee Dangboon, MD; Anirban Das, MD; Sima Das, MS; Jacquelyn M. Davanzo, BSN, BSPH; Alan Davidson, MBChB, MPhil; Patrick De Potter, MD, PhD; Karina Q. Delgado, MD, PhD; Hakan Demirci, MD; Laurence Desjardins; Rosdali Y. Diaz Coronado, MD; Helen Dimaras, PhD; Andrew J. Dodgshun, MPhil; Craig Donaldson, MD, FRANZCO; Carla R. Donato Macedo, MD; Monica D. Dragomir, MD, PhD; Yi Du, MD; Magritha Du Bruyn, MD; Kemala S. Edison, MD; I. Wayan Eka Sutyawan, MD; Asmaa El Kettani, MD; Amal M. Elbahi, MD; James E. Elder, MBBS; Dina Elgalaly, BPh; Alaa M. Elhaddad, MD, PhD; Moawia M. Ali Elhassan, MD; Mahmoud M. Elzembely, MD; Vera A. Essuman, FWACS; Ted Grimbert A. Evina, MD; Zehra Fadoo, MBBS; Adriana C. Fandiño, MD; Mohammad Faranoush, MD; Oluyemi Fasina, FWACS; Delia D. P. G. Fernández, MSc; Ana Fernández-Teijeiro, MD, PhD; Allen Foster, FRCOphth; Shahar Frenkel, MD, PhD; Ligia D. Fu, MD; Soad L. Fuentes-Alabi, MD, MPH; Brenda L. Gallie, MD; Moira Gandiwa, MD; Juan L. Garcia, MSc; David García Aldana, MD; Pascale Y. Gassant, MD; Jennifer A. Geel, MBChB, MMed; Fariba Ghassemi, MD; Ana V. Girón, MD; Zelalem Gizachew, MD; Marco A. Goenz, MD; Aaron S. Gold, OD; Maya Goldberg-Lavid, MD; Glen A. Gole, MD, FRANZCO; Nir Gomel, MD; Efren Gonzalez, MD; Graciela Gonzalez Perez, MD; Liudmira González-Rodríguez, MD; Henry N. Garcia Pacheco, MD; Jaime Graells, MD; Liz Green, MBA; Pernille A. Gregersen, MD; Nathalia D. A. K. Grigorovski, MD; Koffi M. Guedenon, MD; D. Sanjeeva Gunasekera, MD; Ahmet K. Gündüz, MD; Himika Gupta, MD; Sanjiv Gupta, MS; Theodora Hadjistilianou, MD; Patrick Hamel, MD; Syed A. Hamid, FCPS; Norhafizah Hamzah, MSc; Eric D. Hansen, MD; J. William Harbour, MD; M. Elizabeth Hartnett, MD; Murat Hasanreisoglu, MD; Sadiq Hassan, MD, FWACS; Shadab Hassan, FRCS, FCPS; Stanislava Hederova, MD; Jose Hernandez, MD; Lorelay Marie Carcamo Hernandez, MD; Laila Hessissen, MD; Diriba F. Hordofa, MD; Laura C. Huang, MD; G. B. Hubbard, MD; Marlies Hummlen, MD; Kristina Husakova, MD; Allawi N. Hussein Al-Janabi, MD; Russo Ida, MD; Vesna R. Ilic, MD; Vivekaraj Jairaj, DNB; Irfan Jeeva, FRCOphth; Helen Jenkinson, MD, PhD; Xunda Ji, MD; Dong Hyun Jo, MD, PhD; Kenneth P. Johnson, MD; William J. Johnson, MD; Michael M. Jones, MD, PhD, FRANZCO; Theophile B. Amani Kabesha, MD, PhD; Rolande L. Kabore, MD; Swathi Kaliki, MD; Abubakar Kalinaki, MD; Mehmet Kantar, MD; Ling-Yuh Kao, MD; Tamar Kardava, PhD; Rejin Kebudi, MD; Tomas Kepak, MD; Naama Keren-Froim, BMedSc; Zohora J. Khan, MD; Hussain A. Khaqan, MD; Phara Khauv, MD; Wajiha J. Kheir, MD; Vikas Khetan, FRCS; Alireza Khodabande, MD; Zaza Khotenashvili, MD; Jonathan W. Kim, MD; Jeong Hun Kim, MD, PhD; Hayyam Kiratli, MD; Tero T. Kivelä, MD; Artur Klett, MD, PhD; Jess Elio Kosh Komba Palet, MD; Dalia Krivaitiene, MD, PhD; Mariana Kruger, MMedPaed, PhD; Kittisak Kulvichit, MD; Mayasari W. Kuntorini, MD; Alice Kyara, BA; Eva S. Lachmann, MD; Carol P. S. Lam, FCOphth; Geoffrey C. Lam, FRANZCO; Scott A. Larson, MD; Slobodanka Latinović, MD, PhD; Kelly D. Laurenti, MD; Bao Han A. Le, MD; Karin Lecuona, MD; Amy A. Leverant, MD; Cairui Li, MD; Ben Limbu, MD; Quah Boon Long, FRCS(Ed), MMedOphth; Juan P. López, MD; Robert M. Lukamba, MD; Livia Lumbroso, MD; Sandra Luna-Fineman, MD; Delfitri Lutfi, MD; Lesia Lysytsia, MD; George N. Magrath, MD; Amita Mahajan, MD; Abdul Rahim Majeed, MPPA; Erika Maka, MD; Mayuri Makan, MD; Emil K. Makimbetov, MD; Chatonda Manda, MMedOphth; Nieves Martín Begue, MD, PhD; Lauren Mason, MBA; John O. Mason III, MD; Ibrahim O. Matende, MD, MMedOphth; Miguel Materin, MD; Clarissa C. D. S. Mattosinho, MD; Marchelo Matua, BAPH; Ismail Mayet, MD; Freddy B. Mbumba, MD, MMedPaed; John D. McKenzie, MD; Aurora Medina-Sanson, MD, PhD; Azim Mehrvar, MD; Aemero A. Mengesha, MD; Vikas Menon, MD; Gary John V. D. Mercado, MD; Marilyn B. Mets, MD; Edoardo Midena, MD, PhD; Divyansh K. C. Mishra, DNB; Furahini G. Mndeme, MD; Ahmed A. Mohamedani, FRCPath; Mona T. Mohammad, MD, FRCS; Annette C. Moll, MD, PhD; Margarita M. Montero, MD; Rosa A. Morales, MD; Claude Moreira, MD, PhD; Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, MD, MHS; Mchikirwa S. Msina, MMedOphth; Gerald Msukwa, MMedOphth; Sangeeta S. Mudaliar, DNBPediatric; Kangwa I. Muma, MMedOphth, FCOphth; Francis L. Munier, MD; Gabriela Murgoi, MD; Timothy G. Murray, MD, MBA; Kareem O. Musa, FWACS, FMCOphth, FICO; Asma Mushtaq, MD; Hamzah Mustak, MD; Okwen M. Muyen, MD; Gita Naidu, MMedPaed, PhD; Akshay Gopinathan Nair, MD; Larisa Naumenko, MD, PhD; Paule Aïda Ndoye Roth, MD, PhD; Yetty M. Nency, MD; Vladimir Neroev, MD, PhD; Hang Ngo, MD; Rosa M. Nieves, MD; Marina Nikitovic, MD, PhD; Elizabeth D. Nkanga, FMCOph; Henry Nkumbe, MD; Murtuza Nuruddin, FRCS; Mutale Nyaywa, MD, MMedOphth, FCOphth; Ghislaine Obono-Obiang, MD; Ngozi C. Oguego, MB, BS, FWASC, FAEH; Andrzej Olechowski, MD; Scott C. N. Oliver, MD; Peter Osei-Bonsu, MD, FWACS; Diego Ossandon, MD; Manuel A. Paez-Escamilla, MD; Halimah Pagarra, MD, PhD; Sally L Painter, FRCOphth; Vivian Paintsil, FWACP; Luisa Paiva, MD; Bikramjit P. Pal, FECF, FICO; Mahesh Shanmugam Palanivelu, FRCSED; Ruzanna Papyan, MD; Raffaele Parrozzani, MD, PhD; Manoj Parulekar, MS, FRCOphth; Claudia R. Pascual Morales, MD; Katherine E. Paton, MD, FRCSC; Katarzyna Pawinska-Wasikowska, MD, PhD; Jacob Pe'er, MD; Armando Peña, MD; Sanja Perić, MD, PhD; Chau T. M. Pham, MD; Remezo Philbert, MD; David A. Plager, MD; Pavel Pochop, MD, PhD; Rodrigo A. Polania, MD; Vladimir G. Polyakov, MD; Manca T. Pompe, MD, PhD; Jonathan J. Pons, MD; Daphna Prat, MD; Vireak Prom, MD; Ignatius Purwanto, BS; Ali O. Qadir, MD; Seema Qayyum, FCPS; Jiang Qian, MD; Ardizal Rahman, MD; Salman Rahman, MD; Jamalia Rahmat, MD; Purnima Rajkarnikar, MD; Rajesh Ramanjulu, MD; Aparna Ramasubramanian, MD; Marco A. Ramirez-Ortiz, MD, MPH; Léa Raobela, MD; Riffat Rashid, MS; M. Ashwin Reddy, FRCOphth; Ehud Reich, MD; Lorna A. Renner, FRCPCH; David Reynders, MD; Dahiru Ribadu, FMCOph; Mussagy M. Riheia, MD; Petra Ritter-Sovinz, MD; Duangnate Rojanaporn, MD; Livia Romero, MD; Soma R. Roy, DCO; Raya H. Saab, MD; Svetlana Saakyan, MD, PhD; Ahmed H Sabhan, MD; Mandeep S. Sagoo, FRCS(Ed); Azza M. A. Said, MD; Rohit Saiju, MD; Beatriz Salas, MD; Sonsoles San Román Pacheco, MD; Gissela L. Sánchez, MD; Phayvanh Sayalith, MD; Trish A. Scanlan, MRCPI, MSc; Amy C. Schefler, MD; Judy Schoeman, MSc; Ahad Sedaghat, MD; Stefan Seregard, MD, PhD; Rachna Seth, DNB MNAMS; Ankoor S. Shah, MD, PhD; Shawkat A. Shakoor, MS; Manoj K. Sharma, MD; Sadik T. Sherief, MD; Nandan G. Shetye, MS; Carol L. Shields, MD; Sorath Noorani Siddiqui, MD; Sidi Sidi Cheikh, MD, PhD; Sónia Silva, MD; Arun D. Singh, MD; Niharika Singh, MS; Usha Singh, MS; Penny Singha, MD; Rita S. Sitorus, MD, PhD; Alison H. Skalet, MD, PhD; Hendrian D. Soebagjo, MD, PhD; Tetyana Sorochynska, MD, PhD; Grace Ssali, MD; Andrew W. Stacey, MD; Sandra E. Staffieri, PhD; Erin D. Stahl, MD; Christina Stathopoulos, MD; Branka Stirn Kranjc, MD, PhD; David K. Stones, MBChB, FCPaed; Caron Strahlendorf, MD; Maria Estela Coleoni Suarez, MD; Sadia Sultana, FCPS; Xiantao Sun, MD; Meryl Sundy, MD; Rosanne Superstein, MD; Eddy Supriyadi, MD, PhD; Supawan Surukrattanaskul, MD; Shigenobu Suzuki, MD, PhD; Karel Svojgr, MD, PhD; Fatoumata Sylla, MD; Gevorg Tamamyan, MD, PhD; Deborah Tan, MBBS; Alketa Tandili, MD, PhD; Fanny F. Tarrillo Leiva, MD; Maryam Tashvighi, MD; Bekim Tateshi, MD, PhD; Edi S. Tehuteru, MD; Luiz F. Teixeira, MD; Kok Hoi Teh, MD; Tuyisabe Theophile, MSc; Helen Toledano, MBChB; Doan L. Trang, MD; Fousseyni Traoré, MD; Sumalin Trichaiyaporn, MD; Samuray Tuncer, MD; Harba Tyau-Tyau, MD; Ali B. Umar, MD, FMCPath; Emel Unal, MD; Ogul E. Uner, BA; Steen F. Urbak, MD, PhD; Tatiana L. Ushakova, MD; Rustam H. Usmanov, MD; Sandra Valeina, MD; Milo van Hoefen Wijsard, MD; Adisai Varadisai, MD; Liliana Vasquez, MD; Leon O. Vaughan, FRCS(Ed); Nevyana V. Veleva-Krasteva, MD, PhD; Nishant Verma, MD; Andi A. Victor, MD, PhD; Maris Viksnins, MD; Edwin G. Villacís Chafla, MD; Vicktoria Vishnevskia-Dai, MD; Tushar Vora, MD; Antonio E. Wachtel, MD; Werner Wackernagel, MD; Keith Waddell, DM, FRCP, FRCS, FRCOphth; Patricia D. Wade, MBBS; Amina H. Wali, MD, FMCOph; Yi-Zhuo Wang, MD; Avery Weiss, MD; Matthew W. Wilson, MD; Amelia D. C. Wime, MD; Atchareeya Wiwatwongwana, MD; Damrong Wiwatwongwana, MD; Charlotte Wolley Dod, MD; Phanthipha Wongwai, MD, PhD; Daoman Xiang, MD, PhD; Yishuang Xiao, MSc; Jason C. Yam, FRCSEd; Huasheng Yang, MD; Jenny M. Yanga, MD; Muhammad A Yaqub, MD, FCPS, FRCSEd; Vera A. Yarovaya, MD; Andrey A. Yarovoy, MD, PhD; Huijing Ye, MD; Yacoub A. Yousef, MD; Putu Yuliawati, MD; Arturo M. Zapata López, MD; Ekhtelbenina Zein, MD; Chengyue Zhang, MD; Yi Zhang, MD, PhD; Junyang Zhao, MD; Xiaoyu Zheng, MD; Katsiaryna Zhilyaeva, MD; Nida Zia, MBBS, MCPS; Othman A. O. Ziko, MD, PhD; Marcia Zondervan, MBA; Richard Bowman, FRCOphth