Original Investigation
Global Burden of Cancer, 1990 to 2017
Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration; Christina Fitzmaurice, MD; Degu Abate, MSc; Naghmeh Abbasi, MSc; Hedayat Abbastabar, PhD; Foad Abd-Allah, MD; Omar Abdel-Rahman, MD; Ahmed Abdelalim, MD; Amir Abdoli, PhD; Ibrahim Abdollahpour, PhD; Abdishakur S. M. Abdulle, PhD; Nebiyu Dereje Abebe, MPH; Haftom Niguse Abraha, MSc; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, PhD; Ahmed Abualhasan, MD; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, PhD; Shailesh M. Advani, PhD; Mohsen Afarideh, MD; Mahdi Afshari, MD; Mohammad Aghaali, PhD; Dominic Agius, MD; Sutapa Agrawal, PhD; Ayat Ahmadi, PhD; Elham Ahmadian, PhD; Ehsan Ahmadpour, PhD; Muktar Beshir Ahmed, MPH; Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, MD; Tomi Akinyemiju, PhD; Ziyad Al-Aly, MD; Assim M. AlAbdulKader, MD; Fares Alahdab, MD; Tahiya Alam, MPH; Genet Melak Alamene, BS; Birhan Tamene T. Alemnew, MSc; Kefyalew Addis Alene, MPH; Cyrus Alinia, PhD; Vahid Alipour, PhD; Syed Mohamed Aljunid, PhD; Fatemeh Allah Bakeshei, MPH; Majid Abdulrahman Hamad Almadi, FRCPC; Amir Almasi-Hashiani, PhD; Ubai Alsharif, MD; Shirina Alsowaidi, FRCPS; Nelson Alvis-Guzman, PhD; Erfan Amini, MD; Saeed Amini, PhD; Yaw Ampem Amoako, MD; Zohreh Anbari, PhD; Nahla Hamed Anber, PhD; Catalina Liliana Andrei, PhD; Mina Anjomshoa, PhD; Fereshteh Ansari, PhD; Ansariadi Ansariadi, PhD; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, MPhil; Morteza Arab-Zozani, PhD; Jalal Arabloo, PhD; Zohreh Arefi, PhD; Olatunde Aremu, PhD; Habtamu Abera Areri, MSc; Al Artaman, PhD; Hamid Asayesh, MSc; Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw, MSc; Alebachew Fasil Ashagre, MSc; Reza Assadi, PhD; Bahar Ataeinia, MD; Hagos Tasew Atalay, MSc; Zerihun Ataro, MSc; Suleman Atique, PhD; Marcel Ausloos, PhD; Leticia Avila-Burgos, PhD; Euripide F. G. A. Avokpaho, MD; Ashish Awasthi, PhD; Nefsu Awoke, MSc; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, PhD; Martin Amogre Ayanore, PhD; Henok Tadesse Ayele, PhD; Ebrahim Babaee, PhD; Umar Bacha, MPhil; Alaa Badawi, PhD; Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, PhD; Eleni Bagli, PhD; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, PhD; Abbas Balouchi, MSc; Till Winfried Bärnighausen, MD; Robert J. Battista, MBA; Masoud Behzadifar, PhD; Meysam Behzadifar, MS; Bayu Begashaw Bekele, MPH; Yared Belete Belay, MSc; Yaschilal Muche Belayneh, MSc; Kathleen Kim Sachiko Berfield, MD; Adugnaw Berhane, PhD; Eduardo Bernabe, PhD; Mircea Beuran, PhD; Nickhill Bhakta, MD; Krittika Bhattacharyya, MSc; Belete Biadgo, MSc; Ali Bijani, PhD; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, MSPS; Charles Birungi, MSc; Catherine Bisignano, MPH; Helen Bitew, MSc; Tone Bjørge, PhD; Archie Bleyer, MD; Kassawmar Angaw Bogale, MPH; Hunduma Amensisa Bojia, BPharm; Antonio M. Borzì, MD; Cristina Bosetti, PhD; Ibrahim R. Bou-Orm, MD; Hermann Brenner, MD; Jerry D. Brewer, MD; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, MSc; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, DSc; Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, PhD; Zahid A. Butt, PhD; Giulia Carreras, PhD; Juan J. Carrero, PhD; Félix Carvalho, PhD; Clara Castro, PhD; Franz Castro, MD; Ferrán Catalá-López, PhD; Ester Cerin, PhD; Yazan Chaiah; Wagaye Fentahun Chanie, MPH; Vijay Kumar Chattu, MD; Pankaj Chaturvedi, MD; Neelima Singh Chauhan, MD; Mohammad Chehrazi, PhD; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, PhD; Tesfaye Yitna Chichiabellu, MSc; Onyema Greg Chido-Amajuoyi, MD; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, PhD; Jee-Young J. Choi, PhD; Devasahayam J. Christopher, MD; Dinh-Toi Chu, PhD; Maria-Magdalena Constantin, MD; Vera M. Costa, PharmD; Emanuele Crocetti, MD; Christopher Stephen Crowe, MD; Maria Paula Curado, PhD; Saad M. A. Dahlawi, PhD; Giovanni Damiani, MD; Amira Hamed Darwish, MD; Ahmad Daryani, PhD; José das Neves, PhD; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, MSc; Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis, MSc; Birhanu Wondimeneh Demissie, MSc; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, MPharm; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, DSc; Afshin Derakhshani, MSc; Kalkidan Solomon Deribe, MPH; Rupak Desai, MBBS; Beruk Berhanu Desalegn, MSc; Melaku Desta, MSc; Subhojit Dey, PhD; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, MD; Meghnath Dhimal, PhD; Daniel Diaz, PhD; Mesfin Tadese Tadese Dinberu, MA; Shirin Djalalinia, PhD; David Teye Doku, PhD; Thomas M. Drake, MD; Manisha Dubey, PhD; Eleonora Dubljanin, PhD; Eyasu Ejeta Duken, MSc; Hedyeh Ebrahimi, MD; Andem Effiong, MB; Aziz Eftekhari, PhD; Iman El Sayed, PhD; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, MD, PhD; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, MD; Ziad El-Khatib, PhD; Demelash Abewa Elemineh, MSc; Hajer Elkout, PhD; Richard G. Ellenbogen, MD; Aisha Elsharkawy, MD; Mohammad Hassan Emamian, PhD; Daniel Adane Endalew, MSc; Aman Yesuf Endries, MPH; Babak Eshrati, PhD; Ibtihal Fadhil, PhD; Vahid Fallah Omrani, PhD; Mahbobeh Faramarzi, PhD; Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi, PhD; Andrea Farioli, PhD; Farshad Farzadfar, MD; Netsanet Fentahun, PhD; Eduarda Fernandes, PhD; Garumma Tolu Feyissa, PhD; Irina Filip, MD; Florian Fischer, PhD; James L. Fisher, PhD; Lisa M. Force, MD; Masoud Foroutan, PhD; Marisa Freitas, PhD; Takeshi Fukumoto, PhD; Neal D. Futran, MD; Silvano Gallus, DSc; Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe, MD; Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, MSc; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, MPH; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, MSc; Getnet Azeze Gedefaw, MSc; Belayneh K. Gelaw, MSc; Birhanu Geta, MSc; Sefonias Getachew, MPH; Kebede Embaye Gezae, MSc; Mansour Ghafourifard, PhD; Alireza Ghajar, MD; Ahmad Ghashghaee, BSc; Asadollah Gholamian, MSc; Paramjit Singh Gill, DM; Themba T. G. Ginindza, PhD; Alem Girmay, MSc; Muluken Gizaw, MPH; Ricardo Santiago Gomez, PhD; Sameer Vali Gopalani, MPH; Giuseppe Gorini, MD; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, DSc; Ayman Grada, MD; Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra, PhD; Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes, PhD; Prakash C. Gupta, DSc; Rahul Gupta, MD; Kishor Hadkhale, MPH; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, MD; Arya Haj-Mirzaian, MD; Randah R. Hamadeh, DPhil; Samer Hamidi, DrPH; Lolemo Kelbiso Hanfore, MSc; Josep Maria Haro, MD; Milad Hasankhani, MSc; Amir Hasanzadeh, PhD; Hamid Yimam Hassen, MPH; Roderick J. Hay, MD; Simon I. Hay, FMedSci; Andualem Henok, MPH; Nathaniel J. Henry, BS; Claudiu Herteliu, PhD; Hagos D. Hidru, MPH; Chi Linh Hoang, BMedSc; Michael K. Hole, MD; Praveen Hoogar, PhD; Nobuyuki Horita, PhD; H. Dean Hosgood, PhD; Mostafa Hosseini, PhD; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, PhD; Mihaela Hostiuc, PhD; Sorin Hostiuc, PhD; Mowafa Househ, PhD; Mohammedaman Mama Hussen, MA; Bogdan Ileanu, PhD; Milena D. Ilic, PhD; Kaire Innos, PhD; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, MD; Kufre Robert Iseh, MD; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, PhD; Farhad Islami, PhD; Nader Jafari Balalami, PhD; Morteza Jafarinia, MSc; Leila Jahangiry, PhD; Mohammad Ali Jahani, PhD; Nader Jahanmehr, PhD; Mihajlo Jakovljevic, PhD; Spencer L. James, MD; Mehdi Javanbakht, PhD; Sudha Jayaraman, MD; Sun Ha Jee, PhD; Ensiyeh Jenabi, PhD; Ravi Prakash Jha, MSc; Jost B. Jonas, MD; Jitendra Jonnagaddala, PhD; Tamas Joo, MSc; Suresh Banayya Jungari, MA; Mikk Jürisson, PhD; Ali Kabir, MD; Farin Kamangar, MD; André Karch, MD; Narges Karimi, MD; Ansar Karimian, DipLangStud; Amir Kasaeian, PhD; Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, MSc; Belete Kassa, MSc; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, MSc; Mesfin Wudu Kassaw, MSc; Anil Kaul, MD; Peter Njenga Keiyoro, PhD; Abraham Getachew Kelbore, MSc; Amene Abebe Kerbo, MPH; Yousef Saleh Khader, PhD; Maryam Khalilarjmandi, MSc; Ejaz Ahmad Khan, MPH; Gulfaraz Khan, PhD; Young-Ho Khang, MD; Khaled Khatab, PhD; Amir Khater, MD; Maryam Khayamzadeh, MD; Maryam Khazaee-Pool, PhD; Salman Khazaei, PhD; Abdullah T. Khoja, MD; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, MD; Jagdish Khubchandani, PhD; Neda Kianipour, MA; Daniel Kim, DrPH; Yun Jin Kim, PhD; Adnan Kisa, PhD; Sezer Kisa, PhD; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, PhD; Hamidreza Komaki, MD; Ai Koyanagi, MD; Kristopher J. Krohn, MPH; Burcu Kucuk Bicer, BEP; Nuworza Kugbey, MSc; Vivek Kumar, MD; Desmond Kuupiel, MPH; Carlo La Vecchia, MD; Deepesh P. Lad, DM; Eyasu Alem Lake, BSc; Ayenew Molla Lakew, MPH; Dharmesh Kumar Lal, MD; Faris Hasan Lami, PhD; Qing Lan, PhD; Savita Lasrado, MS; Paolo Lauriola, MD; Jeffrey V. Lazarus, PhD; James Leigh, MD; Cheru Tesema Leshargie, MPH; Yu Liao, PhD; Miteku Andualem Limenih, MSc; Stefan Listl, PhD; Alan D. Lopez, PhD; Platon D. Lopukhov, PhD; Raimundas Lunevicius, PhD; Mohammed Madadin, MD; Sameh Magdeldin, PhD; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, MD; Azeem Majeed, MD; Afshin Maleki, PhD; Reza Malekzadeh, MD; Ali Manafi, MD; Navid Manafi, MD; Wondimu Ayele Manamo, MS; Morteza Mansourian, PhD; Mohammad Ali Mansournia, PhD; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, DSc; Saman Maroufizadeh, PhD; Santi Martini S. Martini, DrPH; Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson, PhD; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, MD; Motswadi Titus Maswabi, PhD; Manu Raj Mathur, PhD; Colm McAlinden, PhD; Martin McKee, DSc; Hailemariam Abiy Alemu Meheretu, MPH; Ravi Mehrotra, PhD; Varshil Mehta, MD; Toni Meier, PhD; Yohannes A. Melaku, MPH; Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, MPH; Hagazi Gebre Meles, MPH; Addisu Melese, MSc; Mulugeta Melku, MSc; Peter T. N. Memiah, DrPH; Walter Mendoza, MD; Ritesh G. Menezes, MD; Shahin Merat, MD; Tuomo J. Meretoja, MD; Tomislav Mestrovic, PhD; Bartosz Miazgowski, MD; Tomasz Miazgowski, MD; Kebadnew Mulatu M. Mihretie, MPH; Ted R. Miller, PhD; Edward J. Mills, PhD; Seyed Mostafa Mir, MSc; Hamed Mirzaei, PhD; Hamid Reza Mirzaei, PhD; Rashmi Mishra, BDS; Babak Moazen, MSc; Dara K. Mohammad, PhD; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, PhD; Yousef Mohammad, MD; Aso Mohammad Darwesh, PhD; Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi, PhD; Hiwa Mohammadi, PhD; Moslem Mohammadi, PhD; Mahdi Mohammadian, BA; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, PhD; Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani, PhD; Reza Mohammadpourhodki, MSc; Ammas Siraj Mohammed, BA; Jemal Abdu Mohammed, MPH; Shafiu Mohammed, PhD; Farnam Mohebi, MD; Ali H. Mokdad, PhD; Lorenzo Monasta, DSc; Yoshan Moodley, PhD; Mahmood Moosazadeh, PhD; Maryam Moossavi, PhD; Ghobad Moradi, PhD; Mohammad Moradi-Joo, MSc; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, MD; Farhad Moradpour, PhD; Lidia Morawska, PhD; Joana Morgado-da-Costa, MSc; Naho Morisaki, MD; Shane Douglas Morrison, MD; Abbas Mosapour, PhD; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, PhD; Achenef Asmamaw Muche, MPH; Oumer Sada S. Muhammed, MSc; Jonah Musa, MD; Ashraf F. Nabhan, PhD; Mehdi Naderi, MSc; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, MTech; Gabriele Nagel, PhD; Azin Nahvijou, PhD; Gurudatta Naik, MPH; Farid Najafi, PhD; Luigi Naldi, MD; Hae Sung Nam, PhD; Naser Nasiri, MSc; Javad Nazari, PhD; Ionut Negoi, PhD; Subas Neupane, PhD; Polly A. Newcomb, PhD; Haruna Asura Nggada, MD; Josephine W. Ngunjiri, DrPH; Cuong Tat Nguyen, MPH; Leila Nikniaz, PhD; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, MPH; Yirga Legesse Nirayo, MS; Molly R. Nixon, PhD; Chukwudi A. Nnaji, MPH; Marzieh Nojomi, MD; Shirin Nosratnejad, PhD; Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh, PhD; Mohammed Suleiman Obsa, BHlthSci; Richard Ofori-Asenso, MSc; Felix Akpojene Ogbo, PhD; In-Hwan Oh, PhD; Andrew T. Olagunju, MD; Tinuke O. Olagunju, MD; Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu, PhD; Abidemi E. Omonisi, FWACP; Obinna E. Onwujekwe, PhD; Anu Mary Oommen, MD; Eyal Oren, PhD; Doris D. V. Ortega-Altamirano, DrPH; Erika Ota, PhD; Stanislav S. Otstavnov, PhD; Mayowa Ojo Owolabi, DrM; Mahesh P A, DNB; Jagadish Rao Padubidri, MD; Smita Pakhale, MD; Amir H. Pakpour, PhD; Adrian Pana, MD; Eun-Kee Park, PhD; Hadi Parsian, PhD; Tahereh Pashaei, PhD; Shanti Patel, MD; Snehal T. Patil, MS; Alyssa Pennini, MSc; David M. Pereira, PhD; Cristiano Piccinelli, MPH; Julian David Pillay, PhD; Majid Pirestani, PhD; Farhad Pishgar, MD; Maarten J. Postma, PhD; Hadi Pourjafar, PhD; Farshad Pourmalek, PhD; Akram Pourshams, MD; Swayam Prakash, PhD; Narayan Prasad, MD; Mostafa Qorbani, PhD; Mohammad Rabiee, PhD; Navid Rabiee, PhD; Amir Radfar, MD; Alireza Rafiei, PhD; Fakher Rahim, PhD; Mahdi Rahimi, PhD; Muhammad Aziz Rahman, PhD; Fatemeh Rajati, PhD; Saleem M. Rana, PhD; Samira Raoofi, MSc; Goura Kishor Rath, MD; David Laith Rawaf, MD; Salman Rawaf, MD; Robert C. Reiner, PhD; Andre M. N. Renzaho, PhD; Nima Rezaei, PhD; Aziz Rezapour, PhD; Ana Isabel Ribeiro, PhD; Daniela Ribeiro, PhD; Luca Ronfani, PhD; Elias Merdassa Roro, MPH; Gholamreza Roshandel, PhD; Ali Rostami, PhD; Ragy Safwat Saad, MSc; Parisa Sabbagh, PhD; Siamak Sabour, PhD; Basema Saddik, PhD; Saeid Safiri, PhD; Amirhossein Sahebkar, PhD; Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, PhD; Farkhonde Salehi, MA; Hosni Salem, MD; Marwa Rashad Salem, MD; Hamideh Salimzadeh, PhD; Joshua A. Salomon, PhD; Abdallah M. Samy, PhD; Juan Sanabria, MD; Milena M. Santric Milicevic, PhD; Benn Sartorius, PhD; Arash Sarveazad, PhD; Brijesh Sathian, PhD; Maheswar Satpathy, PhD; Miloje Savic, PhD; Monika Sawhney, PhD; Mehdi Sayyah, MD; Ione J. C. Schneider, PhD; Ben Schöttker, PhD; Mario Sekerija, PhD; Sadaf G. Sepanlou, MD; Masood Sepehrimanesh, PhD; Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, PhD; Faramarz Shaahmadi, PhD; Hosein Shabaninejad, PhD; Mohammad Shahbaz, MSc; Masood Ali Shaikh, MD; Amir Shamshirian, BMedSci; Morteza Shamsizadeh, MSc; Heidar Sharafi, PhD; Zeinab Sharafi, PhD; Mehdi Sharif, PhD; Ali Sharifi, MD; Hamid Sharifi, PhD; Rajesh Sharma, PhD; Aziz Sheikh, MD; Reza Shirkoohi, PhD; Sharvari Rahul Shukla, PhD; Si Si, PhD; Soraya Siabani, PhD; Diego Augusto Santos Silva, PhD; Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, MD; Ambrish Singh, MTech; Jasvinder A. Singh, MD; Solomon Sisay, MPH; Freddy Sitas, PhD; Eugène Sobngwi, PhD; Moslem Soofi, PhD; Joan B. Soriano, MD; Vasiliki Stathopoulou, PhD; Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, MD; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, PhD; Takahiro Tabuchi, MD; Ken Takahashi, PhD; Omid Reza Tamtaji, MSc; Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh, PhD; Segen Gebremeskel Tassew, MSc; Parvaneh Taymoori, PhD; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, PhD; Mohamad-Hani Temsah, MD; Omar Temsah; Berhe Etsay Tesfay, MPH; Fisaha Haile Tesfay, MPH; Manaye Yihune Teshale, MPH; Gizachew Assefa Tessema, MPH; Subash Thapa, PhD; Kenean Getaneh Tlaye, MSc; Roman Topor-Madry, PhD; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, MSc; Eugenio Traini, MSc; Bach Xuan Tran, PhD; Khanh Bao Tran, MD; Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik, MSc; Irfan Ullah, PhD; Olalekan A. Uthman, PhD; Marco Vacante, PhD; Maryam Vaezi, MD; Patricia Varona Pérez, PhD; Yousef Veisani, PhD; Simone Vidale, MD; Francesco S. Violante, MD; Vasily Vlassov, MD; Stein Emil Vollset, DrPH; Theo Vos, PhD; Kia Vosoughi, MD; Giang Thu Vu, BA; Isidora S. Vujcic, PhD; Henry Wabinga, MD; Tesfahun Mulatu Wachamo, MPH; Fasil Shiferaw Wagnew, MSc; Yasir Waheed, PhD; Fitsum Weldegebreal, MSc; Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, MSc; Tissa Wijeratne, MD; Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, MSc; Tewodros Eshete Wonde, MPH; Adam Belay Wondmieneh, MSc; Hailemariam Mekonnen Workie, MSc; Rajaram Yadav, PhD; Abbas Yadegar, PhD; Ali Yadollahpour, PhD; Mehdi Yaseri, PhD; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, PhD; Alex Yeshaneh, BHlthSci; Mohammed Ahmed Yimam, MPH; Ebrahim M. Yimer, MSc; Engida Yisma, MPH; Naohiro Yonemoto, MPH; Mustafa Z. Younis, PhD; Bahman Yousefi, PhD; Mahmoud Yousefifard, PhD; Chuanhua Yu, PhD; Erfan Zabeh, BS; Vesna Zadnik, PhD; Telma Zahirian Moghadam, PhD; Zoubida Zaidi, PhD; Mohammad Zamani, MD; Hamed Zandian, PhD; Alireza Zangeneh, MD; Leila Zaki, PhD; Kazem Zendehdel, PhD; Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe, MSc; Taye Abuhay Zewale, MSc; Arash Ziapour, PhD; Sanjay Zodpey, PhD; Christopher J. L. Murray, DPhil
JAMA Oncology