Kenneth J. Arrow, MA, PhD, is not a personality well known to most readers of JAMA Ophthalmology, but his groundbreaking work in economics and mathematics established a radically new paradigm for the social sciences. In 1963, with an article titled “Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care,”1,2 he founded an entirely new field of economic research, health economics,1,2 and in 1972 he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics reflecting this body of work. More than 5 decades later, this remains the most cited article in the health economic literature, and the annual award for achievement given by the International Health Economic Association is the Kenneth Arrow Award.1