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This book contains the proceedings of the Fourth Symposium of the International Research Group on Color Vision Deficiencies, held at Parma, Italy in 1977. The topics considered are as follows: neurophysiologic aspects of color vision and its deficiencies, color vision under reduced illumination, practical aspects of color vision deficiencies, psychophysical methods of examination, objective methods of examination, congenital defects, and acquired defects, among other subjects. The quality and length of the individual contributions vary greatly. Some articles are only one paragraph long, like the leading article on the neurophysiology of color vision. Other presentations are well-documented research reports, like the single neuron activity in the lateral geniculate body of the monkey correlated with behavior. Some articles promise research without available documentation, like the one on color deficiency and road traffic. Several publications concern the use of test glasses using a Wratten filter 78AA to convert a tungsten light source into