Effect of Cornea Preservation Time on Success of Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Key Points

Question  What is the effect of donor cornea preservation time on the success of Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty 3 years after the procedure?

Findings  In this randomized noninferiority clinical trial, the 3-year success rate of Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty using a donor cornea preserved 8 to 14 days did not meet the study’s definition of noninferiority compared with a preservation time of 7 days or less (92.1% vs 95.3%), principally owing to a lower success rate with preservation time of 12-14 days.

Meaning  Success of Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty is higher with shorter preservation time, but preservation time up to 11 days can be expected to have little influence on outcomes.

Importance  Demonstrating that success of Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty is similar across donor cornea preservation times (PTs) could increase the donor pool.

Objective  To determine whether the 3-year rate of graft success using corneal donor tissue preserved 8 to 14 days is noninferior to that of donor tissue preserved 7 days or less.

Design, Setting, and Participants  A multicenter, double-masked, randomized noninferiority clinical trial was conducted from April 16, 2012, to June 5, 2017, at 40 clinical sites (70 surgeons) in the United States, with donor corneas provided by 23 US eye banks. A total of 1090 individuals (1330 study eyes) underwent Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (1255 eyes [94.4%] for Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy).

Interventions  Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty with random assignment of a donor cornea with a PT of 7 days or less (0-7d PT) or 8 to 14 days (8-14d PT).

Main Outcomes and Measures  Graft success at 3 years.

Results  Of the 1090 participants (1330 study eyes; 60.2% women and 39.8% men; median age at enrollment, 70 years [range, 42-90 years]), the 3-year cumulative probability of graft success was 95.3% (95% CI, 93.6%-96.9%) in the 0-7d PT group and 92.1% (95% CI, 89.9%-94.2%) in the 8-14d PT group (difference, 3.2%). The upper limit of the 1-sided 95% CI on the difference was 5.4%, exceeding the prespecified noninferiority limit of 4%. The difference was mostly owing to more primary donor failures in the 8-14d PT group, with the conditional probability of failure after the first month being 2.4% in the 0-7d PT group and 3.1% in the 8-14d PT group. In preplanned secondary analyses, longer PT was associated with a lower rate of graft success (unadjusted hazard ratio for graft failure per additional day of PT, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.18; P = .008 [PT analyzed as days]), with success rates of 96.5% (95% CI, 92.3%-98.4%) for PT of 4 days or less, 94.9% (95% CI, 92.5%-96.6%) for PT of 5 to 7 days, 93.8% (95% CI, 91.0%-95.8%) for PT of 8 to 11 days, and 89.3% (95% CI, 84.4%-92.7%) for PT of 12 to 14 days (P = .01 [PT analyzed as categorical variable]).

Conclusions and Relevance  The 3-year success rate in eyes undergoing Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty was high irrespective of PT. However, the study was unable to conclude that the success rate with donor corneas preserved 8 to 14 days was similar to that of corneas preserved 7 days or less with respect to the prespecified noninferiority limit. Although longer PT was associated with a lower success rate, the difference in rates was small when PT was less than 12 days.

Trial Registration  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01537393

In the United States and many other countries, hypothermic (2°C-8°C) corneal donor storage¹ is preferred because it is less expensive than organ culture.^2,3 In the United States, the most commonly used storage solution is Optisol-GS (Bausch and Lomb)^4,5 and, less commonly, Life 4°C (Numedis)^6,7 and Eusol (Alchimia).^8,9 These solutions contain chondroitin sulfate, nonessential amino acids, antioxidants, and other components, varying between the storage solutions, that support endothelial viability until keratoplasty.^9,10 Although these solutions are approved as devices by the US Food and Drug Administration for the storage of donor corneas up to 14 days prior to keratoplasty, storage time (called preservation time [PT] prior to the adoption of the ISBT [International Society of Blood Transfusion] 128 in 2015¹¹) for most cases has been less than 8 days. A survey of 19 eye banks in 2010-2011 revealed that 96% of donor corneas used for keratoplasty in the United States were stored less than 8 days, while 27% of donor corneas exported outside of North America were stored for 8 days or more.¹² This practice in the United States is a result of many surgeons’ refusal to accept donor corneas with a PT longer than 7 days, although there is no scientific evidence to support this practice. Although available clinical^13,14 and nonclinical evidence^7,15,16 supports storage up to 14 days, consistent with US Food and Drug Administration–approved labeling, this limited evidence and continued practice pattern of the use of donor tissue stored less than 8 days for keratoplasty provide strong support for a prospective randomized clinical trial.

The Cornea Preservation Time Study (CPTS) was designed to definitively determine the effect of PT on graft success and endothelial cell loss.¹² Eyes undergoing Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) for conditions associated with endothelial dysfunction and moderate risk for graft failure (Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy [FECD] or pseudophakic or aphakic corneal edema) were considered optimal for addressing the study objective. Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty was chosen since it was the most common keratoplasty procedure being performed for these conditions at the time of study initiation.¹⁷ Primary graft outcome results for the 3-year randomized clinical trial are reported herein. Results on PT and long-term endothelial cell loss are reported in a companion article.¹⁸

Enrollment occurred between April 16, 2012, and February 20, 2014, and follow-up ended on June 5, 2017. Study oversight was provided by an independent data and safety monitoring committee. Study methods have been published¹² and are summarized below. The protocol is available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01537393 and Supplement 1. The protocol was approved by institutional review boards for participating sites (eAppendix 2 in Supplement 2), and each participant provided written informed consent, with consent requested again to extend follow-up from 36 months to a common study end date.

Clinical sites, eye banks, surgeons, and ancillary staff were certified prior to study participation. Surgeons were required to have performed at least 50 DSAEK cases, with a reported primary donor failure rate of less than 3% and a dislocation rate requiring repositioning or rebubbling of less than 15% in the prior year. All eye banks were accredited by the Eye Bank Association of America.

Eligible participants were 30 to 90 years of age and undergoing DSAEK for FECD or pseudophakic or aphakic corneal edema. Eyes were excluded if they had a failed penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) or DSAEK, tube shunts, uncontrolled glaucoma, anterior chamber intraocular lenses, or peripheral anterior synechiae spanning more than one-fourth of the anterior chamber angle. Both eyes of a participant could be enrolled.

Donor corneas met Eye Bank Association of America standards for DSAEK,¹⁹ including the following criteria: donor age of 10 to 75 years, time from death to preservation at 20 hours or fewer if the donor body was refrigerated or 10 hours or fewer if not refrigerated, eye bank–determined central endothelial cell density of 2300 cells/mm² or more, no more than mild (slight) polymorphism or polymegethism, absence of guttae, and no evidence of central endothelial cell damage, trauma, or dystrophy. Donor pairs were placed in either Optisol-GS or Life 4°C, as preferred by each eye bank.

Randomization to either the group that received a donor cornea with a PT of 7 days or less (0-7d PT group) or a group that received a donor cornea with a PT of 8 to 14 days (8-14d PT group) was stratified by surgeon (G.O.R., A.J.A, S.P.D., T.M., S.P., R.D.S., M.A.T., E.Y.T., and D.D.V; eAppendix 1 in Supplement 2) using a permuted blocks design. When both eyes of a participant were included in the study, the eye undergoing surgery first was assigned randomly to a PT group and the second eye was assigned to the other PT group. A minimization algorithm was used to achieve a balance of preplanned PT subgroups (PT of 0-4 days, 5-7 days, 8-11 days, and 12-14 days). Only eyes that had surgery using the CPTS-assigned donor corneas were included in the analyses. The numbers and reasons for randomized eyes exiting the study prior to surgery and deviations from the randomization assignments for 3 cases are shown in Figure 1.

Eye banks or surgeons prepared the donor cornea according to their customary technique. Under specific authorization by the Eye Bank Association of America, surgeons were masked to all data about donor corneas except for storage solution, residual bed thickness following lamellar dissection, and observations captured during preparation of donor tissue. Preoperative care, surgical technique, and postoperative care were provided according to each investigator’s routine.

Follow-up examinations were performed at 1 day, 1 week, and 1, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after the procedure.¹² Participants consenting to the extension of the study had additional visits at 48 and 60 months, if possible, prior to study conclusion. Examination procedures were conducted according to the investigator’s standard practices. A standardized grading scale was used to categorize clarity of the recipient’s central cornea stroma by a certified examiner as clear, equivocal, or cloudy,¹² as defined in eTable 1 in Supplement 2. All investigators were trained, tested, and certified on this assessment using a validated photographic guide.¹²

Graft failure was defined as the occurrence of 1 of the following: regrafting for any reason, a cloudy or equivocally cloudy cornea on the first postoperative day that did not clear within 8 weeks, or a cornea that was initially clear postoperatively but became and remained cloudy for 90 days. The date of graft failure was the first examination during the failure event in which the cornea was cloudy or the date of regraft if the cornea was not documented as cloudy prior to regraft. The determination of graft failure was made by the certified surgeon investigator, centrally tracked, and confirmed by the coordinating center and ultimately the study chair (J.H.L.) using the above definition. Graft failure status for corneas that were cloudy for fewer than 3 months at the last available visit or the 3-year visit was determined by the study chair with advice from the executive committee. The principal causes of graft failure were classified as defined in eTable 1 in Supplement 2.

A sample size of 1330 study eyes was computed based on a 1-sided noninferiority test under the following assumptions: 1:1 distribution of corneas between the 2 PT groups, α = .05, power = 0.90, 94% success rate in each PT group, a noninferiority limit of 4%, and 10% incomplete follow-up. Kaplan-Meier estimates of 3-year graft success with 95% CIs (Greenwood estimate of variance²⁰) were calculated for each PT group, and a 1-sided 95% CI was constructed for the difference. A bootstrap resampling technique was used to account for potentially correlated data from 2 study eyes of the same participant; the 95% CI was calculated with bias correction. Confounding and treatment interactions were assessed in Cox proportional hazards regression models.

In preplanned secondary analyses using similar statistical methods, the effect of PT on graft success was evaluated within predefined PT categories (0-4 days, 5-7 days, 8-11 days, and 12-14 days) and as a continuous variable (days from preservation to surgery). A post hoc analysis similarly compared the subgroup with a PT of 8 to 11 days with the 0-7d PT group. Post hoc comparisons of PT groups with respect to postoperative donor positioning issues were computed using Fisher exact tests.

The 95% CI for evaluating the primary analysis of noninferiority is 1-sided; all other 95% CIs and P values are 2-sided. P < .05 was considered significant. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS, version 9.4 (SAS Inc).

A total of 1330 study eyes of 1090 participants (240 participants had 2 study eyes) underwent DSAEK by 70 surgeons at 40 sites, with 675 eyes receiving a donor cornea preserved for 7 days or less and 655 receiving a donor cornea preserved for 8 to 14 days. The median age of participants was 70 years (range, 42-90 years), 60.2% were women, and 90.8% were white. The most common indication for DSAEK was FECD (1255 eyes [94.4%]). Participant characteristics were balanced between the 2 PT groups (Table 1).^21,22

Donor corneas were provided by 23 eye banks. Median donor age was 61 years (range, 12-75 years), and mean (SD) eye bank–determined endothelial cell density at the time of donor screening was 2735 (298) cells/mm² (range, 2300-4386). Donor baseline characteristics were balanced between the 2 PT groups (eTable 2 in Supplement 2). Median PT was 6 days (interquartile range, 4-6 days) in the 0-7d PT group and 11 days (interquartile range, 9-12 days) in the 8-14d PT group. Tissue was prepared by the eye bank in 987 cases (74.2%) and by the surgeon in 343 cases (25.8%).

The numbers and types of intraoperative procedures performed in addition to DSAEK were similar between the 2 PT groups (eTable 3 in Supplement 2). For 682 of the 1330 eyes (51.3%), cataract extraction with a posterior chamber intraocular lens placement was performed concurrently with DSAEK. After DSAEK, all study eyes except 10 (4 in the 0-7d PT group and 6 in the 8-14d PT group) were pseudophakic with a posterior chamber intraocular lens. The rate of intraoperative complications was low and was similar between the 2 groups (eTable 3 in Supplement 2).

Postoperatively, 111 of 675 eyes (16.4%) in the 0-7d PT group and 143 of 655 eyes (21.8%) in the 8-14d PT group had at least 1 donor positioning issue (P = .01): dislocation (total detachment) of donor in 33 eyes (4.9%) in the 0-7d PT group and 53 eyes (8.1%) in the 8-14d PT group, graft repositioning in the absence of dislocation in 4 eyes (0.6%) in the 0-7d PT group and 12 eyes (1.8%) in the 8-14d PT group, and detachment in the absence of either dislocation or repositioning in 74 eyes (11.0%) in the 0-7d PT group and 78 eyes (11.9%) in the 8-14d PT group (eTable 4 in Supplement 2). Air injection was performed 1 or more times in 54 eyes (8.0%) in the 0-7d PT group and 85 eyes (13.0%) in the 8-14d PT group (P = .003).

One case of bacterial endophthalmitis (0.1%) occurred in the 0-7d PT group 4 days after surgery, and 2 cases of fungal keratitis (0.3%) occurred in the 8-14d PT group 13 and 43 days after surgery (eTables 5 and 6 in Supplement 2). Other ocular findings and postoperative procedures are in eTables 5-7 in Supplement 2.

Overall, 584 study eyes (86.5%) in the 0-7d PT group and 558 study eyes (85.2%) in the 8-14d PT group either completed a visit in the 3-year window or experienced graft failure (Figure 1). Excluding deaths prior to 3 years and accounting for participants who missed the 3-year visit but completed a subsequent visit, the study completion rate was 90.7% in the 0-7d PT group (594 of 655) and 91.2% in the 8-14d PT group (568 of 623). Data from 2 eyes with failed grafts unrelated to PT (severe blunt trauma and major surgical complication) were censored at the last examination prior to the event.

The 3-year cumulative probability of graft success was 95.3% (95% CI, 93.6%-96.9%) in the 0-7d PT group and 92.1% (95% CI, 89.9%-94.2%) in the 8-14d PT group (difference between groups, 3.2%) (Table 2). The upper limit of the 1-sided 95% CI of this difference was 5.4%, exceeding the prespecified noninferiority limit of 4%. The unadjusted hazard ratio for graft failure in the 8-14d PT group compared with the 0-7d PT group was 1.71 (95% CI, 1.09-2.71; P = .02), with no indication of confounding upon adjustment for covariates or statistical interaction (eTable 8 in Supplement 2). Most of the difference of failure rates between the groups occurred in the first postoperative month, with the probability of failure in the first month being 2.4% in the 0-7d PT group and 4.9% in the 8-14d PT group, and the conditional probability of 3-year failure after the first month being 2.4% in the 0-7d PT group and 3.1% in the 8-14d PT group (Figure 2A). Twenty-eight of 30 eyes in the 0-7d PT group and 44 of 49 eyes in the 8-14d PT group had a regraft; the other 2 failures in the 0-7d PT group and 5 failures in the 8-14d PT group met the criteria for cloudy cornea failure (of these, 1 eye in the 8-14d PT group had a cloudy cornea for less than 3 months at the last study visit). The principal causes of graft failure are summarized in Table 3. As shown in Table 2, in a preplanned secondary analysis treating PT as a continuous variable, graft success tended to decrease as PT increased (unadjusted hazard ratio for graft failure per additional day of PT, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.18; P = .008). The 3-year cumulative probability of graft success was lower (89.3%; 95% CI, 84.4%-92.7% [N = 246]) for PT of 12 to 14 days, compared with 96.5% (95% CI, 92.3%-98.4% [N = 173]) for PT of 4 days or less, 94.9% (95% CI, 92.5%-96.6% [N = 502]) for PT of 5 to 7 days, and 93.8% (95% CI, 91.0%-95.8% [N = 409]) for PT of 8 to 11 days (Table 2 and Figure 2B; P = .01). In a post hoc analysis, the difference in 3-year graft success rates comparing the 0-7d PT group (95.3%) with PT of 8 to 11 days (93.8%) was 1.5% (95% CI, –1.3% to 4.4%). Graft success results through 4 years were consistent with the 3-year primary outcome analysis (eFigure 1 in Supplement 2).

The CPTS determined whether the success rate of DSAEK with donor corneas preserved for 8 to 14 days was noninferior to that of corneas preserved 7 days or less in eyes with endothelial dysfunction. To judge noninferiority, the end of the 1-sided 95% CI on the difference in success rates between the longer and shorter PT groups was compared with a prespecified noninferiority limit of 4% (eFigure 2 in Supplement 2). This criterion was based on judgment of the magnitude of difference that would be considered clinically insignificant. The study found that, although the observed difference between the 2 PT groups was 3.2%, the end of the 95% CI was 5.4%, which exceeded the predetermined 4% limit. Thus, the study cannot conclude that the success rate for donor corneas with PT of 8 to 14 days is similar to the success rate for donor corneas with a shorter PT.

Analyzed as a continuous variable (days), there was a significant association between longer PT and a lower graft success rate. However, up to 11 days, the effect of PT on the graft success rate was small, consistent with the endothelial cell loss data reported in a companion article.¹⁸ These findings are clinically important, as eye bank data have shown that more than 95% of donor corneas used domestically have a PT of less than 8 days.¹² The CPTS results should encourage surgeons to accept corneas stored between 7 and 11 days. The success rate was still high in the group with a PT of 12 to 14 days (89.3%), which may support continued use of these stored tissues as logistics dictate. Also, additional time to evaluate and distribute the donor tissue will be most helpful to eye banks.

The combined primary and early graft failure rate in the first month was about twice as high in the 8-14d PT group as it was in the 0-7d PT group, while the difference in failure rates between groups after 1 month was small. This finding suggests that loss of endothelial cell function during longer-term storage leads to early failure in a small number of donor corneas. Although the rate of primary donor failure was twice as high in the 8-14d PT group vs the 0-7d PT group (3.4% vs 1.6%), the overall 2.5% rate (33 of 1330 cases) of primary donor failure was below the selection criterion (<3%) for our surgeons to participate in the CPTS.¹² This rate was also comparable with the mean 5% rate (range, 0%-29%) cited in the American Academy of Ophthalmology report summarizing estimates of primary failure reported in the literature at the time.²³

Prior studies assessing the effect of PT on graft outcomes of PKP^13,14,24,25 and endothelial keratoplasty^26-30 are limited. Several studies have not shown an association between PT and graft success, but PT was primarily 10 days or less.^13,14,24,28 A retrospective PKP study showed no statistically significant association between PT and graft success; however, only 62 of the 234 reported cases (26.5%) had storage times of 11 days or more.¹⁴

The 94.1% overall success rate (1251 of 1330 eyes) for DSAEK at 3 years in this multicenter, multisurgeon prospective study is identical to what was projected in designing the study and comparable to that of single-site studies for cases of FECD managed with DSAEK.^31-34 Based on prior studies, the success rate of DSAEK for pseudophakic or aphakic corneal edema and failed cases of PKP or endothelial keratoplasty is significantly lower than that for FECD.^35-37 The CPTS protocol was designed to include only moderate-risk endothelial failure conditions (FECD and uncomplicated pseudophakic or aphakic corneal edema) to minimize the number of grafts that would be at higher risk for failure owing to other causes. The high success rate reported in this article is not necessarily reflective of the expected success rate for the entire population of patients with endothelial failure undergoing DSAEK. We report a higher graft success rate with DSAEK in the surgical management of FECD at 3 years than in the Australian³⁸ and United Kingdom³⁹ registries reports, possibly owing to the absence of a learning curve with surgeons meeting minimum experience requirements for study participation.

Strengths of the study included a large sample size, masking of surgeon and participant to PT, experienced DSAEK surgeons in both university and community settings, good retention, and a standardized definition of graft failure. Although the CPTS cohort consisted principally of FECD cases (94.4%), there is no biologically plausible reason to expect that the effect of PT on DSAEK success would be different for other cornea conditions. We also hypothesize that these results may apply to the increasingly popular Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty^40,41 and to PKP,^13,14 although this hypothesis was not studied.

The 3-year success rate in eyes undergoing DSAEK predominantly for FECD was high irrespective of PT. Although the study was unable to conclude that the success rate using donor corneas preserved for 8 to 14 days was similar to that of corneas preserved 7 days or less based on the study’s predetermined definition of noninferiority, the difference in rates was small when PT was less than 12 days. Therefore, these results suggest that using donor corneas with PT up to 11 days is likely to have comparable success rates and that donor corneas with PTs beyond 11 days could be used when logistically necessary, as the success rate using these corneas was also high.

Corresponding Author: Jonathan H. Lass, MD, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 (jonathan.lass@uhhospitals.org).

Accepted for Publication: September 27, 2017.

Published Online: November 10, 2017. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.4989

Author Contributions: Ms Ayala and Dr Lass had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Study concept and design: Lass, Verdier, Szczotka-Flynn, Ayala, McCall, Ross, Kollman, Gal, Beck.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.

Drafting of the manuscript: All authors.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.

Statistical analysis: Ayala, Liang, Kollman.

Obtained funding: Lass, Ayala, Ross, Gal.

Administrative, technical, or material support: All authors.

Study supervision: Lass, Szczotka-Flynn, Ayala, Gal, Beck.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Dr Terry reported receiving royalties for endothelial keratoplasty surgical instruments and educational grants from Bausch & Lomb. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: The study was supported by cooperative agreements EY20797 and EY20798 with the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services (EY20797 and EY20798) had roles in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, and approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The following sponsors had no role in the design, conduct, management, analysis, interpretation, or publication of the study data but provided additional support for ancillary work pertaining to this study: Eye Bank Association of America, The Cornea Society, Vision Share, Inc, Alabama Eye Bank, Cleveland Eye Bank Foundation, Eversight, Eye Bank for Sight Restoration, Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Lions Eye Bank of Albany, San Diego Eye Bank, and SightLife.

Group Members: The Cornea Preservation Time Study Group members are as follows: Operations Committee: Jonathan Lass, MD; Allison Ayala, MS; Beth Ann Benetz, MA; Loretta Szczotka-Flynn, OD, PhD; Roy Beck, MD, PhD; Robin Gal, MSPH; Craig Kollman, PhD; Wendi Liang, MSPH; and Maryann Redford, DDS, MPH. Clinical Site Principal Investigators: Anthony Aldave, MD; Gregg Berdy, MD; John Bokosky, MD; Christopher Croasdale, MD; Yassine Daoud, MD; Steven Dunn, MD; Thomas Gillette, MD; Kenneth Goins, MD; Pankaj Gupta, MD; Kristen Hammersmith, MD; Sadeer Hannush, MD; David Hardten, MD; Bennie Jeng, MD; Marc Jones, MD; William Lahners, MD; W. Barry Lee, MD; Marian Macsai, MD; Thomas Mauger, MD; Kenneth Maverick, MD; Tyrone McCall, MD; Woodford Van Meter, MD; Shahzad Mian, MD; Mark Mifflin, MD; Verinder Nirankari, MD; Michael Nordlund, MD, PhD; Matthew Oliva, MD; Sanjay Patel, MD; Sudeep Pramanik, MD; Irving Raber, MD; Michael Raizman, MD; Jennifer Rose-Nussbaumer, MD; George Rosenwasser, MD; Robert Schultze, MD; John Seedor, MD; Neda Shamie, MD; Jonathan Song, MD; Walter Stark, MD; R. Doyle Stulting, MD, PhD; Alan Sugar, MD; Shachar Tauber, MD; Mark Terry, MD; Kristina Thomas, MD; Elmer Tu, MD; David Verdier, MD; and Sonia Yoo, MD. Coordinator: Lisa Navarro. Eye Bank Principal Investigators: Victoria Adler, RN, BSN, CPTC, CEBT; Wilfred Caraballo; Patricia Dahl, BS; Gregory Dorn, CEBT; Donna Drury, BS, MBA; Sameera Farazdaghi, BS, MPH; Elizabeth Fout-Caraza, MHSA; Patrick Gore, RN, CEBT; Veronique Grimes, COMT, CEBT; Caroline Hoover, CEBT; Debora Van Klinken, CEBT; Nai Liang, CEBT; Tina Mays, CEBT; Kristen McCoy, BS; Wade McEntire, MPH; Eric Meinecke, BA; Jeffrey Penta, AS, BS, MBA; Kevin Ross, MS, MPH; Mikelanne Schipper; Gregory Schmidt, BS, CEBT; Chris Stoeger, CEBT, MBA; Michael Tramber, MBA, BS, CEBT, CTBS.

Meeting Presentation: This paper was presented at the Cornea and Eye Banking Forum, hosted by the Cornea Society and Eye Bank Association of America; New Orleans, Louisiana; November 10, 2017.