Effect of Adding Dexamethasone to Continued Ranibizumab Treatment in Patients With Persistent Diabetic Macular Edema: A DRCR Network Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial

Key Points

Question  Does the addition of intravitreous dexamethasone provide benefits to eyes receiving continued intravitreous ranibizumab therapy for persistent diabetic macular edema?

Findings  In this phase 2 randomized clinical trial that included 129 eyes with persistent diabetic macular edema, improvement in visual acuity at 24 weeks was not significantly different between combination therapy and ranibizumab alone.

Meaning  For eyes with persistent diabetic macular edema, the addition of intravitreous dexamethasone to continued ranibizumab therapy reduces retinal thickness but does not improve visual acuity more than continued ranibizumab therapy alone.

Importance  Some eyes have persistent diabetic macular edema (DME) following anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy for DME. Subsequently adding intravitreous corticosteroids to the treatment regimen might result in better outcomes than continued anti-VEGF therapy alone.

Objective  To compare continued intravitreous ranibizumab alone with ranibizumab plus intravitreous dexamethasone implant in eyes with persistent DME.

Design, Setting, and Participants  Phase 2 multicenter randomized clinical trial conducted at 40 US sites in 129 eyes from 116 adults with diabetes between February 2014 and December 2016. Eyes had persistent DME, with visual acuity of 20/32 to 20/320 after at least 3 anti-VEGF injections before a run-in phase, which included an additional 3 monthly 0.3-mg ranibizumab injections. Data analysis was according to intent to treat.

Interventions  Following the run-in phase, study eyes that had persistent DME and were otherwise eligible were randomly assigned to receive 700 μg of dexamethasone (combination group, 65 eyes) or sham treatment (ranibizumab group, 64 eyes) in addition to continued 0.3-mg ranibizumab in both treatment arms as often as every 4 weeks based on a structured re-treatment protocol.

Main Outcomes and Measures  The primary outcome was change in mean visual acuity letter score at 24 weeks as measured by the electronic Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (E-ETDRS). The principal secondary outcome was change in mean central subfield thickness as measured with the use of optical coherence tomography.

Results  Of the 116 randomized patients, median age was 65 years (interquartile range [IQR], 58-71 years); 50.9% were female and 60.3% were white. Mean (SD) improvement in visual acuity from randomization was 2.7 (9.8) letters in the combination group and 3.0 (7.1) letters in the ranibizumab group, with the adjusted treatment group difference (combination minus ranibizumab) of –0.5 letters (95% CI, −3.6 to 2.5; 2-sided P = .73). Mean (SD) change in central subfield thickness in the combination group was –110 (86) μm compared with –62 (97) μm for the ranibizumab group (adjusted difference, –52; 95% CI, −82 to −22; 2-sided P < .001). Nineteen eyes (29%) in the combination group experienced increased intraocular pressure or initiated treatment with antihypertensive eyedrops compared with 0 in the ranibizumab group (2-sided P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance  Although its use is more likely to reduce retinal thickness and increase intraocular pressure, the addition of intravitreous dexamethasone to continued ranibizumab therapy does not improve visual acuity at 24 weeks more than continued ranibizumab therapy alone among eyes with persistent DME following anti-VEGF therapy.

Trial Registration  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01945866

Studies have demonstrated the benefit of intravitreous anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections for improving visual acuity and decreasing retinal thickening in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME).^1-4 Nevertheless, in 32% to 66% of eyes treated with at least 6 monthly injections, edema persisted, often with reduced visual acuity.² Thus, there is a need for additional treatments for eyes with suboptimal response to anti-VEGF therapy.

Corticosteroids decrease inflammation, reduce breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, and have antiangiogenic properties, possibly owing to downregulation of VEGF.^5-7 Intravitreous corticosteroid treatment for DME results in superior visual acuity compared with sham treatment, although not compared with laser photocoagulation or intravitreous anti-VEGF treatment in phakic eyes.^1,8-10 Because corticosteroids have consistently been shown to reduce retinal thickening, they might be beneficial in eyes with persistent DME and vision loss despite previous anti-VEGF therapy if visual acuity outcomes are also improved. The Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network (DRCR.net) conducted a randomized clinical trial to compare continued ranibizumab therapy alone vs continued ranibizumab plus intravitreous dexamethasone in eyes with persistent DME and visual acuity of 20/32 to 20/320 despite previous anti-VEGF therapy.

Forty clinical sites across the United States participated in this multicenter phase 2 randomized clinical trial. The study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki¹¹ and was approved by multiple institutional review boards. Study participants provided written informed consent. An independent data and safety monitoring committee conducted the study oversight. The full trial protocol is available at http://www.drcr.net and in Supplement 1, and a list of the participating institutions and institutional review boards are available in eAppendixes 1 and 2 in Supplement 2.

Participants were 18 years or older, had type 1 or type 2 diabetes, had 1 or both eyes with a best-corrected visual acuity letter score of 78 to 24 (approximate Snellen equivalent, 20/32 to 20/320), had an optical coherence tomography (OCT)–measured central subfield thickness (CST) above protocol-defined thresholds (eTable 1 in Supplement 2), and had received treatment with at least 3 anti-VEGF injections for DME (aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab) within the previous 20 weeks (Figure 1). Initially, only pseudophakic eyes were eligible for the study. However, because only 17 participants with pseudophakia were randomized from February 2014 to July 2015, eligibility criteria were expanded to permit enrollment of phakic eyes.

A 12-week run-in phase was conducted DME was still persistent in eyes with DME after additional anti-VEGF injections. During the run-in phase, each eye was required to receive 3 additional anti-VEGF injections using intravitreous ranibizumab, 0.3 mg, at enrollment, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks (in addition to the ≥3 anti-VEGF injections needed for eligibility). At week 12 of the run-in phase, eyes that had received all run-in injections and continued to meet the visual acuity criteria above with an OCT CST greater than the threshold values described in eTable 1 in Supplement 2 were eligible for randomization. eTable 1 in Supplement 2 details eligibility criteria for the run-in and randomization phases.

Randomization was performed on the study website (http://www.drcr.net) using a permuted-block design. A participant could have 1 or 2 study eyes. Participants with 1 study eye were randomly assigned with equal probability, stratified by presence of improvement in visual acuity and retinal thickness during the run-in phase, to receive either a combination of ranibizumab, 0.3 mg (Lucentis; Genentech), and intravitreous sustained dexamethasone drug-delivery system (Ozurdex; Allergan), 700 μg, injection (combination group) or sham and ranibizumab, 0.3 mg, injections (ranibizumab group). Participants with 2 study eyes had 1 eye randomly assigned to each group.

Follow-up visits occurred every 4 weeks through 24 weeks, with the primary outcome visit at 24 weeks. At each visit, certified personnel performed an electronic Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (E-ETDRS) best-corrected visual acuity test, spectral-domain OCT imaging, intraocular pressure (IOP) assessment, and an ocular examination. Values from OCT scans were converted to time-domain equivalent values for analysis and reporting.

Study participants and the medical monitor, who reviewed all adverse events, were masked to treatment group assignments. Refractionists, visual acuity testers, and OCT technicians were masked at the 24-week primary outcome visit. Investigators and study coordinators were not masked.

The DRCR.net anti-VEGF injection procedure was reported previously.² At randomization, all participants received a ranibizumab injection. Sham or dexamethasone injections were required within 0 to 8 days of the ranibizumab injection. When combination injections were given on the same day, the ranibizumab injection was given first in the dexamethasone group but last in the sham group. In both groups, povidone iodine was required to be reapplied to the conjunctiva before the second injection. There was no minimum required time between injections except that at least 30 seconds had to have elapsed following the second povidone iodine application. Initially, sham applicators were identical to the dexamethasone applicator but without a needle and produced an audible click when activated (93 injections). However, these applicators expired April 1, 2016. Subsequent sham injections were performed by pressing the hub of a needleless syringe to the conjunctival surface (36 injections).

At each follow-up visit, investigators evaluated the study eye for re-treatment based on visual acuity and OCT findings. An injection of ranibizumab was administered if the visual acuity letter score was less than 84 (approximate Snellen equivalent of 20/25 or worse) or the OCT CST was at or above the protocol-defined, sex-specific OCT cutoff. At the 4-week and 8-week visits, only ranibizumab injections were permitted. At 12 weeks and continuing through 20 weeks, if re-treatment criteria were met, participants were re-treated with the same treatment they were randomized to receive initially: either ranibizumab plus dexamethasone or ranibizumab plus sham. In both groups, a maximum of 2 injections of either dexamethasone or sham treatment were given in each eye.

The primary outcome measure was mean change in visual acuity letter score from randomization to the 24-week visit. Treatment group comparisons were performed using a linear mixed model including fixed effects for visual acuity at the randomization visit and randomization stratification factors. In addition, a random subject effect was included to account for between-eye correlation for participants with 2 study eyes. With a sample size of 150 eyes, the trial had 90% power to identify a statistically significant difference between treatments, assuming a true difference of 5 letters with an SD of 9 letters and 10% loss to follow-up.

The primary analysis followed the intent-to-treat principle, including all eyes randomized into the study. Multiple imputation using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method was performed to impute missing 24-week data (2 participants). Changes at 24 weeks were truncated to 3 SDs from the mean to minimize the impact of statistical outliers (no visual acuity values and 2 OCT CST values in the ranibizumab group [1 value on each end]). Subgroup analyses were performed by adding an interaction between subgroup and treatment to the primary mixed model. Safety analyses were conducted using the Fisher exact test, with P < .01 prespecified to be considered of interest. All 95% CIs and P values are 2-sided. SAS, version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc) was used for all statistical analyses.

Between February 2014 and December 2016, 236 eyes from 203 participants were enrolled in the run-in phase, after which 129 eyes of 116 participants met eligibility criteria and were randomly assigned to the dexamethasone + ranibizumab group (combination, 65 eyes) or the sham + ranibizumab group (ranibizumab, 64 eyes). Median age of the 116 randomized participants was 65 years (interquartile range, 58-71), 50.9% were women, 60.3% were white, 94.8% had type 2 diabetes, and median hemoglobin A_1c level was 7.4% (interquartile range, 6.5%-8.3%). Baseline characteristics by treatment group are presented in Table 1 and Table 2. Sixty percent of eyes in the combination group were phakic and 50% were phakic in the ranibizumab group. During the run-in phase, mean (SD) visual acuity improvement was 3 (6) letters in the combination group and 3 (7) letters in the ranibizumab group, and the mean (SD) visual acuity letter scores at randomization were 63 (12) (approximately 20/63) in the combination group and 63 (13) in the ranibizumab group. Mean (SD) reduction in CST during the run-in phase was −58 (83) μm in the combination group and −50 (102) μm in the ranibizumab group, and mean (SD) CST at randomization was 375 (97) μm in the combination group and 396 (122) μm in the ranibizumab group. The 24-week primary outcome visit was completed by 114 of the 116 participants (98.3%). The 2 participants who did not complete the visit were both in the combination group; 1 participant was lost to follow-up and 1 participant missed the visit (Figure 1).

The mean (SD) number of ranibizumab injections between randomization and 24 weeks (maximum possible injections, 6) was 5.6 (0.7) in the combination group and 5.7 (0.7) in the ranibizumab group. Through 20 weeks, 63 of the 65 eyes (97%) in the combination group and 63 of the 64 eyes (98%) in the ranibizumab group received a second dexamethasone or sham injection. Dexamethasone/sham injections were performed almost always on the same day as ranibizumab injection (122 of the 128 injections in the combination group [95.3%] and 124 of the 129 injections in the ranibizumab group [96.1%]). No eye received nonprotocol DME treatment.

At 24 weeks, the mean (SD) visual acuity letter scores were 66 (13) in the combination group (Snellen equivalent, 20/50) and 66 (15) in the ranibizumab group. Mean (SD) improvement in visual acuity from randomization was 2.7 (9.8) letters in the combination group and 3.0 (7.1) letters in the ranibizumab group, with the adjusted treatment group difference (combination minus ranibizumab) being −0.5 letters (95% CI, −3.6 to 2.5; P = .73) (Table 3). Similar results were observed when adjusting for prespecified potential baseline confounders (lens status, age, duration of diabetes, hemoglobin A_1c level, retinal thickening on OCT, and diabetic retinopathy severity on clinical examination) and in a per-protocol analysis (eTable 2 in Supplement 2).

Mean change in visual acuity over 24 weeks (area under the curve) was 1.9 letters for combination and 2.5 letters for ranibizumab therapy (adjusted difference, −0.3; 95% CI, −2.3 to 1.7; P = .76) (Figure 2A). Improvement of 10 letters or more between randomization and 24 weeks was observed in 14 of the 63 eyes (22%) in the combination group and 9 of the 64 eyes (14%) in the ranibizumab group (adjusted difference, 6%; 95 CI, −6% to 18%; P = .34). Improvement of 15 letters or more was seen in 7 eyes (11%) in the combination group and 1 eye (2%) in the ranibizumab group (adjusted difference, 9%; 95 CI, 1% to 17%; P = .03). In the combination group, 8 eyes (13%) lost 10 letters or more compared with 4 (6%) for the ranibizumab group (adjusted difference, 7%; 95% CI, −1% to 16%; P = .09); worsening of 15 letters or more was seen in 4 eyes (6%) in the combination group and 3 eyes (5%) in the ranibizumab group (adjusted difference, 2%; 95 CI, −5% to 9%; P = .62). Table 3 and eFigure 1 in Supplement 2 show the full distribution of visual acuity and visual acuity changes at 24 weeks.

Subgroup analyses are presented in eTables 3 and 4 and eFigures 2 through 4 in Supplement 2. For baseline lens status (P = .08 for interaction), the adjusted mean difference in visual acuity at the 24-week visit between the combination group and the ranibizumab group was 3.1 letters (95% CI, −2.1 to 8.3) for pseudophakic eyes and −3.0 letters (95% CI, −7.7 to 1.7) for phakic eyes.

At 24 weeks, 32 of the 62 eyes (52%) in the combination group and 20 of the 64 (31%) eyes in the ranibizumab group had normal CST values based on the sex-specific spectral-domain OCT threshold norms (P = .02) (Table 3). Mean (SD) change in CST in the combination group was −110 (86) μm compared with −62 (97) μm for the ranibizumab group (adjusted difference, −52; 95% CI, −82 to −22; P < .001) (Table 3). A per-protocol analysis suggested similar conclusions (eTable 2 in Supplement 2). The mean (SD) change in OCT CST over 24 weeks (area under the curve) was greater with combination therapy (−86.9 [65.6] μm) compared with ranibizumab (−33.5 [56.8] μm; combination minus ranibizumab, −54.9; 95% CI, −78.4 to −31.4; P < .001) (Figure 2B). Additional OCT outcomes are presented in Table 3. No significant interactions (eTable 3 in Supplement 2) were seen for CST changes according to baseline lens status (P = .17 for interaction; eFigure 5 in Supplement 2), improvement in visual acuity during the run-in phase (P = .33 for interaction; eFigure 6 in Supplement 2), or improvement in CST during the run-in phase (P = .15 for interaction; eFigure 7 in Supplement 2).

There were no cases of endophthalmitis. In the combination group, 19 of 65 eyes (29%) experienced increased IOP or initiated IOP-lowering eyedrops compared with 0 of 64 in the ranibizumab group (P < .001, eTable 5 in Supplement 2). Fifteen eyes in the combination group (23%) experienced increases of 10 mm Hg or more in IOP compared with 0 in the ranibizumab group. In the combination group, 3 of 65 eyes (5%) received postrandomization cataract extractions compared with 0 of 64 eyes in the ranibizumab group (P = .24). Additional ocular outcomes are reported in eTable 5 in Supplement 2. Rates of systemic adverse events did not appear to be substantially different between the groups (eTables 6 and 7 in Supplement 2).

In this phase 2 randomized clinical trial, the addition of dexamethasone treatment to an eye receiving ranibizumab therapy for persistent DME did not result in superior visual acuity gains, on average, compared with continuing ranibizumab treatment alone through 24 weeks. The combination group had a significantly greater reduction in retinal thickening on OCT. Consistent with other trials evaluating corticosteroids,^12-14 increased IOP developed in more eyes in the combination group than in the ranibizumab-only group. The 6-month duration of this study was insufficient to evaluate for differences in cataract extraction, and no standardized measurement of cataract development was performed.

There was a suggestion that more eyes in the combination group had visual acuity improvement by a clinically relevant amount (≥15-letter gain from randomization) but also a suggestion that more eyes in the combination group worsened visual acuity by a clinically relevant amount (≥10-letter loss from randomization). The small number of eyes that had clinically relevant changes in vision do not allow definitive conclusions about treatment differences. It is possible that vision loss in some phakic eyes in the combination group that had not undergone cataract surgery was due to early cataract formation. Among the eyes with at least a 2-line visual acuity loss, 7 of 8 eyes in the combination group and 1 of 4 eyes in the ranibizumab group were phakic.

The results from this study are consistent with previous trials of similar cohorts in which improvement in CST after switching to or adding corticosteroid treatment was greater but concomitant improvement in visual acuity was not greater than continued anti-VEGF treatment alone.^12,13 Several earlier studies of DME also have shown discordance between the treatment effects, with improvement in retinal thickening and no improvement in visual acuity, as seen in this study.^1,2 Because a long-term benefit of reducing retinal thickening in the absence of visual acuity improvement has not been demonstrated, we hesitate to recommend a treatment approach on the basis of anatomic response alone.

Participants had at least 3 anti-VEGF injections before they were considered by the investigator to have persistent DME, and they were given 3 additional ranibizumab injections during the run-in phase, which addresses potential concerns that suboptimal responses were initially a result of insufficient anti-VEGF treatment. The continued ranibizumab treatment in the control group addresses the potential confounder of time, which might have contributed to improvement in edema noted in previous case series that evaluated a switch in therapies for eyes judged to have inadequate anti-VEGF levels.¹⁵ Approximately one-third of the eyes during the run-in phase became ineligible for the randomized trial because persistent DME resolved. Such improvement in DME is consistent with previous reports indicating that, in many eyes given continued anti-VEGF with a single agent, DME continued to resolve beyond 3 injections.¹⁶ Most eyes in the ranibizumab group received 9 study injections, totaling at least 12 anti-VEGF injections. On average, these eyes gained 6 letters over 9 months from the 3-month run-in phase through the end of the 6-month randomization phase.

Intraocular pressure increases of 10 mm Hg or more after the first 2 dexamethasone injections were found in 23% of participants receiving dexamethasone in the present study, a similar proportion as in the MEAD Study (approximately 21%).¹⁴ In the MEAD study, dexamethasone treatment was administered every 6 months; in the present study, treatment was permitted as often as every 3 months. In the DRCR.net Protocol I, the proportion of eyes with an increase in IOP at 6 months after 1 or 2 intravitreous triamcinolone acetonide injections (24%; Adam Glassman, MS, e-mail, September 25, 2017) was similar to the present trial with intravitreous dexamethasone. The present study confirmed no large safety concern from administering combination treatment on the same day; a moderate or small safety concern cannot be ruled out.

The study was designed originally to include only pseudophakic eyes because of the known effect of corticosteroids on cataract formation. However, owing to slow recruitment, phakic eyes subsequently were allowed, constituting about half of the study eyes. A prespecified subgroup analysis suggested that pseudophakic eyes, on average, had a better visual acuity outcome with combination treatment than with ranibizumab therapy alone and that phakic eyes, on average, had a better outcome with ranibizumab therapy alone than with the combination treatment. Other trials evaluating corticosteroid treatment for DME also have shown an interaction between treatment and lens status on visual acuity.¹⁷ Nevertheless, the magnitude of the effect at 24 weeks was relatively small in each subgroup (combination group, 3.1 and ranibizumab group, –3.0 letters) and even smaller in the pseudophakic eyes at earlier visits. Furthermore, as a general rule, when the primary analysis does not show a statistically significant treatment group difference, as in this study, subgroup results must be viewed with extreme caution and should be viewed as hypothesis generating only. Given the challenges faced by the DRCR.net in enrolling an adequate number of pseudophakic eyes, it seems unlikely that a study of sufficient size with only pseudophakic eyes is feasible.

The strengths of this study include randomization, participant masking to avoid bias, confirmation via standardized run-in phase that the eye had persistent DME, a standardized treatment protocol, and a high retention rate. However, there are several limitations. As a phase 2 study, the sample size was not as large as would be needed for a phase 3 study, and treatment duration was relatively short. Inclusion of phakic eyes could have confounded visual acuity results if cataract progression occurred more frequently in the combination group. By chance, there were more phakic eyes in the combination group (60% phakic) than the ranibizumab group (50%); however, adjusting for this potential confounder did not alter the results. Although the sham procedure changed during the trial, when analyses were stratified according to the type of sham procedure, results were similar to the overall results. The effects of other corticosteroid formulations, other means of delivery, or other anti-VEGF agents cannot be determined from this study.

In this randomized clinical trial of eyes with persistent DME after multiple anti-VEGF injections, the addition of dexamethasone with continued ranibizumab injections produced no better improvement in mean visual acuity at 6 months than ranibizumab therapy alone, even though, on average, there was a significantly greater reduction in retinal thickness in the combination group. The study is of insufficient size to determine whether treatment responses would be different in phakic and pseudophakic eyes.

Corresponding Author: Danni Liu, MSPH, Jaeb Center for Health Research, 15310 Amberly Dr, Ste 350, Tampa, FL 33647 (drcrstat7@jaeb.org).

Accepted for Publication: September 26, 2017.

Published Online: November 11, 2017. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.4914

Author Contributions: Ms Liu had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Study concept and design: Maturi, Glassman, Beck, Bressler, Jampol, Melia, Sun.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Maturi, Glassman, Liu, Bhavsar, Bressler, Jampol, Melia, Punjabi, Salehi-Had, Sun.

Drafting of the manuscript: Maturi, Glassman, Liu, Beck, Bhavsar, Jampol.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Maturi, Liu, Bhavsar, Bressler, Jampol, Melia, Punjabi, Salehi-Had, Sun.

Statistical analysis: Glassman, Liu, Melia.

Obtained funding: Glassman, Bressler, Jampol.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Maturi, Glassman, Liu, Bressler, Jampol.

Study supervision: Maturi, Beck, Bressler, Jampol, Melia, Sun.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Dr Maturi reported receiving consultancy fees, research grants, payment for manuscript preparation, and travel, accommodations, and meeting expenses from Allergan, Inc; grants from Allegro Pharmaceuticals; research grants from AbbVie, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Joslin Diabetes Center, Kalvista, and Santen; consultancy fees from the American Academy of Ophthalmology, Graybug Inc, Henry & Beaver LLP, and Navigant Consulting; and travel, accommodations, meeting expenses, and payment for development of educational presentations from the University of Rochester. Mr Glassman reported receiving grant support from the National Institutes of Health, nonfinancial support from Genentech, institutional grant support from Allergan, and consultancy fees from the Macula Society. He is a member of the editorial board of JAMA Ophthalmology. Ms Liu reported receiving institutional grant support from the National Eye Institute and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Dr Beck reported receiving grant support from the National Eye Institute. Dr Bhavsar reported receiving personal fees and nonfinancial support from Allergan. Dr Bressler reported receiving grant support from Bayer, Genentech (Roche), Lumenis, Novartis, Regeneron, and Samsung Bioepis. Dr Jampol reported receiving grant support from the National Eye Institute. He is a member of the editorial board of JAMA Ophthalmology. Ms Melia reported institutional grant support from the National Eye Institute. Dr Sun reported receiving consultancy fees from Allergan, Bayer, Eleven Biotherapeutics, Kowa, Merck, and Novartis; grant support from Adaptive Sensory Technology, Boston Micromachines, Genentech, Kalvista, and OptoVUE; payment for manuscript preparation from JAMA Ophthalmology; and other/nonfinancial support from the American Diabetes Association and Springer Inc. She is a member of the editorial boards of Current Diabetes Reports and JAMA Ophthalmology. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: This study was supported through cooperative agreements EY14231 and EY23207 from the National Eye Institute and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health & Human Services. Genentech Inc provided the ranibizumab, and Allergan Inc provided the dexamethasone for the study. In addition, Allergan Inc provided some funds to the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network (DRCR.net) to defray the study’s clinical site costs. Genentech Inc has provided funds restricted to DRCR.net clinical sites.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The National Institutes of Health participated in oversight of the conduct of the study and review of the manuscript but had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. As per the DRCR.net Industry Collaboration Guidelines (available at http://www.drcr.net), DRCR.net had complete control over the design of the protocol, ownership of the data, and all editorial content of presentations and publications related to the protocol.

Group Information: The members of the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network (listed in order by number of participants enrolled into the study [given in parentheses], with study investigator denoted by I, coordinator by C, visual acuity technician by V, and photographer by P) are as follows: Charlotte Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Assoc, PA, Charlotte, North Carolina (19): David Browning (I); Omar S. Punjabi (I); Andrew N. Antoszyk (I); Angela K. Price (C,V); Jenna T. Herby (C,V); Taylor S. Jones (C,V); Sherry L. Fredenberg (C,V); Courtney Mahr (C,V); Christina J. Fleming (C,V); Sarah A. Ennis (V); Erica Breglio (V); Angella S. Karow (V); Lisa A. Jackson (P); Uma M. Balasubramaniam (P); Swann J. Bojaj (P); Donna McClain (P); Lynn Watson (P); Loraine M. Clark (P); Kathryn Kimrey (P); Jeff A. Kuopus (P); Carol A. Simchik (P); Beverly O. Rowland (P); Autumn K. Finch (P); and Michael D. McOwen (P). Atlantis Eye Care, Huntington Beach, California (18): Hani Salehi-Had (I); Sara Ahmed (C); Amy L. Khodai (C); Stephanie Ramirez (C,V); Michael J. Mireles (C); Mary Ma (V); Scott F. Lee (V); Monica J. Rivero (P); and Lily Castillo (P). Raj K. Maturi, MD, PC, Indianapolis, Indiana (18): Raj K. Maturi (I); Ashley M. Harless (C,V); Carolee K. Novak (V); Nicole Ellingwood (P); Lorraine White (P); and Alisha Ware (P). Baylor Eye Physicians and Surgeons, Houston, Texas (16): Christina Y. Weng (I); Robert E. Coffee (I); Petros Euthymiou Carvounis (I); Wendy Blacutt (C); Margaret M. Olfson (C); Karri Schuetzle (C); Pejman Hemati (C,V); April Leger (V); Dana B. Barnett (P); and Joseph F. Morales (P). Retina Center, PA, Minneapolis, Minnesota (16): Abdhish R. Bhavsar (I); Jacob M. Jones (I); Geoffrey G. Emerson (I); Joan Dupont (C); Andrea Gilchrist (C); Dave A. Crannick (C); Gaid Gaid (V); Erin C. Kinney (V,P); Hannah N. Schoenecker (P); Alanna C. Evans (V,P); Nora Gould (V); Tonja Scherer (P,V); and Denise Vang (P). National Ophthalmic Research Institute, Fort Myers, Florida (9): A. Thomas Ghuman (I); Ashish G. Sharma (I); Paul A. Raskauskas (I); Eileen Knips (C); Cheryl Ryan (C); Cheryl Kiesel (C); Crystal Y. Peters (C); Laura Greenhoe (C); Natalie N. Torres (C); Anita H. Leslie (V); Danielle Dyshanowitz (V); Raymond K. Kiesel (P). Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon (8): Steven T. Bailey (I); Christina J. Flaxel (I); Thomas S. Hwang (I); Andreas K. Lauer (I); Mitchell Schain (C,V); Shelley A. Hanel (C); Ann D. Lundquist (C,V); Susan K. Nolte (V); Shirley D. Ira (V); Dawn M. Ryan (P); Scott R. Pickell (P); Peter N. Steinkamp (P); Jordan Barth (P); Chiedozie Ukachukwu (P); Jocelyn T. Hui (P); and Chris S. Howell (P). California Retina Consultants, Santa Barbara, California (7): Dilsher Dhoot (I); Alessandro A. Castellarin (I); Dante J. Pieramici (I); Gina Hong (C,V); Sara Esau (C,V); Erica D. Morasse (C,V); Jack Giust (C); Sarah Fishbein (C,V); Michelle S. Hanna (C,V); Kelly Avery (V); Jerry Smith (V); and Aimee Walker (P). Florida Retina Consultants, Lakeland, Florida (6): Scott M. Friedman (I); Nader Moinfar (I); Damanda F. Fagan (C,V); Kimberly A. Williamson (C,V); Katrina L. Dawson (C); Paige N. Walters (P,V); and Allen McKinney (P,V). Southeast Retina Center, PC, Augusta, Georgia (5): Dennis M. Marcus (I); Harinderjit Singh (I); Siobhan O. Ortiz (C); Michele Woodward (C); Amina Farooq (C); Lindsay Allison Foster (P,V); Thomas Bailey (V); and Ken Ivey (P). Elman Retina Group, PA, Baltimore, Maryland (5): Michael J. Elman (I); Henry A. Leder (I); JoAnn Starr (C); Jennifer L. Belz (C); Twyla J. Robinson (C); Pamela V. Singletary (V); Amy Thompson (V); Dallas R. Sandler (P,V); Jennifer L. Simmons (V); Perel M. Simpson (V); Teresa Coffey (V); Terri Cain (P); Ashley M. Metzger (P); and Peter Sotirakos (P). Retina-Vitreous Associates Medical Group, Beverly Hills, California (5): Roger L. Novack (I); David S. Liao (I); Daniel D. Esmaili (I); Kelly Hu (C); Lynn Pham (C); Tammy Eileen Lo (C); Julio Sierra (V); Adam Zamboni (V); Eric G. Protacio (P); and Josh Koo (P). Retinal Consultants of San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (5): Moises A. Chica (I); Calvin E. Mein (I); Lita Kirschbaum (C); Tori R. Moore (C,V); Jaynee Baker (C); Christopher Sean Wienecke (P,V); Clarissa M. Marquez (P); Brenda Nakoski (P); and Elaine Castillo (V). Medical Associates Clinic, PC, Dubuque, Iowa (4): Michael H. Scott (I); Shannon R. Walsh (C); Marcia J. Moyle (P,V); and Brenda L. Tebon (P,V). Retina Specialists of Michigan, Grand Rapids, Michigan (4): Thomas M. Aaberg (I); Scott J. Westhouse (I); Holly L. Vincent (C,V); Kyle Brandt (C); Kathy L. Karsten (P,V); and Shymaa Mohamed (P,V). Department of Ophthalmology, Loma Linda University Health Care, Loma Linda, California (4): Joseph T. Fan (I); Lynn L. Huang (I); Michael E. Rauser (I); Liel Marvyn Cerdenio (C,V); Raquel Hernandez (C,V); William H. Kiernan (V); Jesse Knabb (P); and Armand Assissini (P). University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (4): James L. Kinyoun (I); Gurunadh Atmaram Vemulakonda (I); Kasra Attaran Rezaei (I); Ian P. Luttrell (C); Susan A. Rath (C,V); Francy Moses (V); Juli A. Pettingill (V); Brad C. Clifton (P); Ronald C. Jones (P); and James D. Leslie (P). Retina Associates of Cleveland, Inc, Beachwood, Ohio (3): Lawrence J. Singerman (I); Joseph M. Coney (I); Jerome P. Schartman (I); David G. Miller (I); Michael A. Novak (I); Susan C. Rath (C); Veronica A. Smith (C); Cecelia Rykena (V); Mary A. Ilc (V); Tia R. Drugan (V); Vivian Tanner (V); Kimberly A. DuBois (V); Gregg A. Greanoff (P); John C. DuBois (P); Elizabeth McNamara (P); and William B. Amonett (P). Southeastern Retina Associates, PC, Knoxville, Tennessee (3): Joseph M. Googe (I); R. Keith Shuler (I); Nicholas G. Anderson (I); Kristina Oliver (C); Steve Morris (C); Kathy L. Schulz (V); Julie Rauen (V); Jerry K. Whetstone (P); Justin Walsh (V); Sarah M. Oelrich (P); Raul E. Lince (P). Texas Retina Associates, Lubbock (3): Michel Shami (I); Yolanda Saldivar (C); Brenda K. Arrington (C); Ashaki Meeks (V); Kayla Blair (P); Ginger K. Rhymes (P); and Glenn R. Gardner (P). Retina Group of New England, New London, Connecticut (3): Nauman A. Chaudhry (I); Emiliya German (C); Alison Fontecchio (V); Heather Casey (V); Justin A. Cocilo (P). MaculaCare, New York, New York (3): Daniel F. Rosberger (I); Phuntsho Wangmo (C); Sandra Groeschel (C); Sandra Acevedo (V); Yenelda M. Gomez (P,V); and Robert Santora (P). University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (3): David Allen DiLoreto (I); George W. O’Gara (C); Andrea M. Czubinski (C,V); Rebecca K. Gerhart (V); Patricia A. Artman (P); Taylor A. Pannell (P); Brittany S. Richardson (P); Rachel Hollar (P). Sarasota Retina Institute, Sarasota, Florida (3): Melvin Chen (I); Waldemar Torres (I); Peggy A. Jelemensky (C); Tara L. Raphael (V); Mark Sneath (P); Rosa Miller (V); and Jim Sherry(P). Southwest Retina Specialists, Amarillo, Texas (2): Ryan B. Rush (I); Glenn R. Gardner (C); Johnathan R. Hawkins (V); and Ben Ysasaga (P). Retina Research Center, Austin, Texas (2): Brian B. Berger (I); Saradha Chexal (I); Chirag D. Jhaveri (I); Ryan M. Reid (C); Ivana Gunderson (C,V); Tina A. Seidu (C); Boris Corak (P,V); and Yong Ren (P). Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts (2): Paolo S. Silva (I); Corey Westerfeld (I); Christopher Michael Andreoli (I); Jennifer K. Sun (I); Margaret E. Stockman (C,V); Flor M. Flores (C,V); Linette Miranda (C,V); Troy Kieser (C,V); Jerry D. Cavallerano (V); Elizabeth S. Weimann (P); Rita K. Kirby (P); Steve L. Papaconstantinou (P); Kate A. Palitsch (P); Kylie M. Madigan (P); and Robert W. Cavicchi (P). Retina and Vitreous of Texas, Houston (2): Joseph A. Khawly (I); Emmanuel Chang (I); Diana Abdelgani (C); Erica Pineda (V); Debbie Fredrickson (V); Donald K. Lowd (P); Desiree Lopez (P); Jason E. Muniz (P); and Colin Blank (P). Retina Consultants of Houston, PA, Houston, Texas (2): Charles C. Wykoff (I); Richard H. Fish (I); David M. Brown (I); James C. Major (I); Tien P. Wong (I); Matthew S. Benz (I); Amy Hutson (C); Jolene Carranza (C); Lauren Epp (C); Meredith Berry (C); Nubia Landaverde (C); Veronica A. Sneed (V); Belinda A. Almanza (V); Rebecca Yee (V); Beau A. Richter (P); and Eric N. Kegley (P). Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville Health Science Center, Jacksonville (2): Sandeep Grover (I); Kakarla V. Chalam (I); Ghulam Shabbir Hamdani (C); Zimei Zhou (C,V); and Kumar Sambhav (C,V). Northern California Retina Vitreous Associates, Mountain View (2): Rahul N. Khurana (I); Diana Lam (C); Amy Dennis (C); and Andrea Gadda (V). University of Pennsylvania Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia (2): Alexander J. Brucker (I); Sheri Drossner (C,V); Jim M. Berger (P); Sara Morales (P). Retina Northwest, PC, Portland, Oregon (2): Mark A. Peters (I); Stephanie L. Ho (C,V); Stephen Hobbs (C,V); Amanda C. Milliron (V); and Marcia Kopfer (V). Retina Consultants of Southern California, Redlands (2): Richard D. Pesavento (I); Jacqué Smith (C); Tina Ramirez (P); and Jordan Davis (V). Retina Institute of Virginia, Richmond (2): John Stewart O’Keefe (I); Bryan J. Schwent (I); Suzette A. Rosen (C); Melissa A. Tutka (V); Natalie J. Arndt (V); and John J. Maziarz (P). The Retina Institute, St Louis, Missouri (2): Kevin J. Blinder (I); Thomas K. Krummenacher (I); Erika A. Hoehn (C); Maria A. Stuart (V); Diana Reardon (V); George Guevara (P); Jarrod Wehmeier (P); Steve A. Schremp (P); and Timothy L. Wright (P). Austin Retina Associates, Austin, Texas (1): Robert W. Wong (I); Peter A. Nixon (I); Phillip V. Le (C,V); Carrie E. Leung (C); Chris A. Montesclaros (C); Jeni L. Leon (C); and Codey L. Daus (P). Retinal Consultants Medical Group, Inc, Sacramento, California (1): Margaret A. Chang (I); John Brian Reed (I); Kimberlee S. Wong (C); and Eric Bair (V). Retina Associates of Utah, PC, Salt Lake City (1): Robert C. Kwun (I); Kirk E. Winward (I); Victoria L. Knudsen (I); Michelle Riley (C); Shauna Ma (C); Teresa Taylor (V); and Jason G. Winward (P,V). Virginia Retina Center, Warrenton (1): Sam E. Mansour (I); Cathy Choyce (C,V); Aissa L. Dirawatun (V,P); and Ana Mills (P). DRCR.net Coordinating Center: Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (staff as of September 22, 2017): Adam R. Glassman (director and principal investigator), Roy W. Beck (executive director), Daphne Auza, Alyssa Baptista, Wesley T. Beaulieu, Sharon R. Constantine, Brian B. Dale, Simone S. Dupre, Julie Hay, Meagan L. Huggins, Paula A. Johnson, Brittany Kelly, Danni Liu, Brenda L. Loggins, Shannon L. McClellan, Michele Melia, Isoken Odia, Carrie Preston, Cynthia R. Stockdale, and Danielle Stanley. DRCR.net Network Chair: Lee M. Jampol (2013-present), Neil M. Bressler (2006-2012). DRCR.net Vice Chairs: Carl W. Baker (2011-2013, 2017-present), Chirag Jhaveri (2016-present), Judy Kim (2015-present), Andrew Antoszyk (2013-2016), Jennifer K. Sun (2012-2014), and John A. Wells III (2013-2015). National Eye Institute: Sangeeta Bhargava (2016-present), Eleanor Schron (2009-2015). Data Safety and Monitoring Committee: Gary Abrams, Deborah R. Barnbaum, Harry Flynn, Kyle D. Rudser, Sangeeta Bhargave, Ruth S. Weinstock, Charles P. Wilkinson, Stephen Wisniewski (chair, 2016-present), and John Connett (chair, 2003-2015). Executive Committee: Lloyd Paul Aiello (2002-present; chair, 2002-2005), Andrew N. Antoszyk (2009; 2013-present), Carl W. Baker (2009-present), Roy W. Beck (2002-present), Sangeeta Bhargava (2016-present), Barbra Blodi (2014-present), Neil M. Bressler (2006-present; chair, 2006-2008), Susan B. Bressler (2009-present), Matthew D. Davis (2002-present), Michael J. Elman (2006-present; chair, 2009 and 2012), Frederick L. Ferris III (2002-present), Adam R. Glassman (2005-present), Jeffrey G. Gross (2012-present), Glenn J. Jaffe (2012-present), Lee M. Jampol (2012-present; chair, 2013-present), Chirag D. Jhaveri (2016-present), Judy E. Kim (2015-present), Brandon Lujan (2017-present), Dan Martin (2017-present), Raj K. Maturi (2009-2011, 2013-present), and Jennifer K. Sun (2009-present). Prior Members: Eleanor Schron (2009-2015), John A. Wells III (2012-2015).

Disclaimer: Dr Bressler is the Editor of JAMA Ophthalmology, but he was not involved in any of the decisions regarding review of the manuscript or its acceptance.

Meeting Presentation: This study was presented at the American Academy of Ophthalmology 2017 Annual Meeting; November 10, 2017; New Orleans, Louisiana.

Additional Information: More information about the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network in relation to this study can be obtained at http://www.drcr.net.