Multicenter, International Assessment of the Eighth Edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Cancer Staging Manual for Conjunctival Melanoma

Key Points

Question  Can the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Cancer Staging Manual for conjunctival melanoma be used to accurately estimate metastasis and mortality rates?

Findings  In this case series of 288 patients, there was a significantly higher cumulative mortality rate among patients with cT2 and cT3 conjunctival melanoma compared with those presenting with cT1 conjunctival melanoma.

Meaning  Higher T-staged tumors were associated with both an earlier and greater incidence of metastasis; therefore, the results from this multicenter, international registry study support the use of the eighth edition AJCC staging system for conjunctival melanoma.

Importance  Eye cancer staging systems used for standardizing patient care and research need to be validated.

Objective  To evaluate the accuracy of the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Cancer Staging Manual in estimating metastatis and mortality rates of conjunctival melanoma.

Design, Setting, and Participants  This international, multicenter, registry-based case series pooled data from 10 ophthalmic oncology centers from 9 countries on 4 continents. A total of 288 patients diagnosed with conjunctival melanoma from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2013, were studied. Data analysis was performed from July 7, 2018, to September 11, 2018.

Interventions  Treatments included excision biopsy, cryotherapy, topical chemotherapy, radiation therapy, enucleation, and exenteration.

Main Outcomes and Measures  Metastasis rates and 5-year and 10-year Kaplan-Meier mortality rates according to the clinical T categories and subcategories of the eighth edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual.

Results  A total of 288 eyes from 288 patients (mean [SD] age, 59.7 [16.8] years; 147 [51.0%] male) with conjunctival melanoma were studied. Clinical primary tumors (cT) were staged at presentation as cT1 in 218 patients (75.7%), cT2 in 34 (11.8%), cT3 in 15 (5.2%), and cTx in 21 (7.3%). There were no T4 tumors. Pathological T categories (pT) were pTis in 43 patients (14.9%), pT1 in 169 (58.7%), pT2 in 33 (11.5%), pT3 in 12 (4.2%), and pTx in 31 (10.8%). Metastasis at presentation was seen in 5 patients (1.7%). Metastasis during follow-up developed in 24 patients (8.5%) after a median time of 4.3 years (interquartile range, 2.9-6.0 years). Of the 288 patients, 29 died (melanoma-related mortality, 10.1%) at a median time of 5.3 years (interquartile range, 1.8-7.0 years). The cumulative rates of mortality among patients with cT1 tumors were 0% at 1 year, 2.5% (95% CI, 0.7%-7.7%) at 5 years, and 15.2% (95% CI, 8.1%-27.4%) at 10 years of follow-up; among patients with cT2 tumors, 0% at 1 year, 28.6% (95% CI, 12.9%-58.4%) at 5 years, and 43.6% (95% CI, 19.6%-77.9%) at 10 years of follow-up; and among patients with cT3 tumors, 21.1% (95% CI, 8.1%-52.7%) at 1 year of follow-up and 31.6% (95% CI, 13.5%-64.9%) at 5 years of follow-up. Patients with cT2 and cT3 tumors had a significantly higher cumulative mortality rate compared with those presenting with cT1 tumors (log-rank P < .001). Patients with ulcerated melanomas had significantly higher risk of mortality (hazard ratio, 7.58; 95% CI, 1.02-56.32; P = .04).

Conclusions and Relevance  This multicenter, international, collaborative study yielded evidence that the conjunctival melanoma staging system in the eighth edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual can be used to accurately estimate metastasis and mortality rates. These findings appear to support the use of AJCC staging as a tool for patient care and research.

Conjunctival melanomas comprise 2% of all ocular tumors and 5% of eye melanomas^1-3; however, their incidence is increasing.⁴ Tumor-related mortality is reported to be 30%.⁵ Reliable prognostic tools are needed to enhance clinical and basic science research.

Published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and used by the Union for International Cancer Control, the TNM staging system is widely implemented around the world. In 2016, the AJCC Ophthalmic Oncology Task Force created the eighth edition of the conjunctival melanoma staging system with data from more than 50 eye cancer specialists in 18 countries. Changes from the seventh edition include further defining the tumors’ circumferential extent to define the clinical T categories.⁶

Quiz Ref IDWidely accepted by medical oncology, ophthalmic oncology, radiation oncology, and medical journals, the AJCC-TNM staging system serves to standardize data reporting, case-to-case prognosis, and selection of the most suitable treatment for conjunctival melanoma. Specialists who stage cancers have recognized the need for standardized collaborative data sharing.^7,8 We performed, to our knowledge, the first multicenter, international study to evaluate the accuracy of the eighth edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual in estimating mortality rates of metastasis from conjunctival melanoma.

Patients diagnosed with conjunctival melanoma from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2013, were included in this multicenter, international study. Data were collected retrospectively and entered into a secure online database. Data analysis was performed from July 7, 2018, to September 11, 2018. This study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki⁹ and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. All participating centers obtained internal institutional review board approval to perform retrospective medical record reviews and contribute data to the AJCC Ophthalmic Oncology Task Force Conjunctival Melanoma Registry. The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre determined that individual patient consent was not required because there were no patient identifiers.

In 2015, at the first Eye Cancer Working Day, held at the Curie Institute (Paris, France), 158 eye cancer specialists were invited to participate in this conjunctival melanoma registry. Conceptualized as an internet-based data-sharing registry, the data fields were designed by participating eye cancer specialists. The resulting registry included data from 10 ophthalmic oncology centers in 9 countries (2 in the United States and 1 each in Canada, Colombia, Argentina, France, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Sweden, and Jordan) on 4 continents (North America, South America, Europe, and Asia).

The following features were incorporated to ensure data security and study participant privacy. There were no personal identifiers. The participants were assigned a unique identification number at their local institution that linked patients to locally stored corresponding identification numbers to ensure accuracy of follow-up and outcomes. Secure Socket Layer encryption was used to prevent information from being viewed by third parties. Registry access was limited to participants with user accounts. Therefore, the login page required a unique username and password combination to access the application. The database incorporated record locking to prevent different users from accessing the same record for the same study participant at the same time. This locking prevented unintentional overwriting or data corruption. In addition, audit trails were automatically created. Such logs were stored in a separate, secured directory and were not available online.

Clinical (cT) and pathologic (pT) staging were performed according to the staging system for conjunctival melanoma in the eighth edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual⁶ (Table 1). According to the AJCC, T1 disease is confined to the bulbar conjunctiva, T2 disease affects the nonbulbar conjunctiva and/or caruncle, and local invasion to adjacent tissues elevates the conjunctival melanoma to T3 disease. T4 disease denotes central nervous system invasion.⁶

Ophthalmic oncology examinations were performed according to the standards and practice of each participating center. These practices included slitlamp and gonioscopic photography and high-frequency anterior segment ultrasonography to rule out intra-ocular invasion. Metastases were subgrouped at presentation or during follow-up. Systemic screening for metastasis was performed according to the custom and practice of the local institutions. Time to death was defined as the interval between date of diagnosis and the date of metastasis. Because at the time of the study no curative treatment for metastatic conjunctival melanoma existed, metastasis and mortality were deemed to be equivalent for the study.

Means (SDs) or medians (interquartile ranges [IQRs]) were used to express continuous variables, whereas categorical variables were expressed as proportions. Group comparisons were made using the t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test for nonparametric variables. Analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare variables across more than 2 groups. The χ² test or Fisher exact test was used to analyze group differences across categorical variables. Separate survival analyses were performed using metastasis and mortality as the censoring variable, and Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted to depict cumulative survival rates at various time points.

Because of the number of patients analyzed in this study, the different tumor subgroups were combined into T1, T2, and T3 for plotting meaningful Kaplan-Meier curves. Comparison between the survival rates of different subgroups was analyzed using the log-rank test. The survival probability for each outcome was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression models and displayed using hazard ratios (HRs). Covariates used for adjusting HRs were those with a P < .10 in univariate models and those that were associated with mortality in previous studies^3,5,7 (tumor location, tumor invasion, ulceration, and lymphatic invasion).

Data were exported into Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp) for analysis. Data were analyzed using Stata, version 12.1 (StataCorp) statistical analysis software package, and a 2-tailed P < .05 was considered to be statistically significant.

A total of 288 eyes from 288 patients (mean [SD] age, 59.7 [16.8] years; range, 15-95 years; 147 [51.0%] male) with conjunctival melanoma were studied. All patients had the relevant data set; therefore, no patient was excluded from the study. There was slight preponderance of right eye involvement (n = 154 [53.4%]). The median follow-up time (from the time of definitive treatment) was 4.4 years (IQR, 2.3-6.9 years; range, 1 month to 14.3 years).

Table 1 gives the AJCC definitions of tumor size, extent, and pathologic characteristics of conjunctival melanoma. On the basis of the eighth edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, the clinical T categories were cT1 in 218 patients (75.7%), followed by cT2 (34 [11.8%]), cT3 (15 [5.2%[), and cTx (21 [7.3%]). A detailed analysis of subgroups found 117 eyes (40.6%) with T1a, 63 (21.9%) with T1b, 8 (2.8%) with T1c, 2 (0.7%) with T1d, 28 (9.7%) with unspecified T1 disease, 8 (2.8%) with T2a, 5 (1.7%) with T2b, 8 (2.8%) with T2c, 8 (2.8%) with T2d, 5 (1.7%) with unspecified T2 disease, 1 (0.7%) with T3a, 10 (3.5%) with T3b, and 4 (1.4%) with T3c disease (Table 2). There were no cT4 tumors.

Pathologic T categories according to the eighth edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual were pTis in 43 (14.9%), pT1 in 169 (58.7%), pT2 in 33 (11.5%), pT3 in 12 (4.2%), and pTx in 31 (10.8%). Subgroup details were as follows: T1a in 123 (42.7%), T1b in 46 (16.0%), T2a in 12 (4.2%), T2b in 21 (7.3%), T3a in 1 (<0.7%), T3b in 6 (2.1%), and T3c in 5 (1.7%) (Table 2).

Nodal status at presentation was N0 in 209 (72.6%) followed by N1 in 13 (4.5%) and Nx in 66 (22.9%). Ipsilateral preauricular and cervical lymph nodes were reported to be involved in 9 of 13 patients (69.2%), and 4 were uncategorized.

Quiz Ref IDMetastasis classification at presentation was M0 in 216 (75%) and M1 in 5 (1.7%); for 67 patients (23.3%), these data were not available. Of the 5 patients with metastasis, 3 had pulmonary metastasis (1 of whom had synchronous bone involvement) and 2 had hepatic metastasis. An additional 24 of 283 patients (8.5%) developed metastasis during follow-up (median time, 4.3 years; IQR, 2.9-6.0 years). The liver was the most common site of metastasis, found in 11 patients (45.8%), followed by the lungs in 9 patients (37.5%), brain in 3 (12.5%), bone in 2 (8.3%), and abdomen in 2 (8.3%), with 1 case each in the bladder, peritoneum, parotid gland, and skin. Multiorgan metastasis was seen in 10 of the 24 patients (41.7%), and sites of metastasis were not documented in 3 patients (12.5%).

Of the 288 patients, 29 (10.1%) died of conjunctival melanoma at a median time of 5.3 years after diagnosis (IQR, 1.8-7.0 years). The cumulative mortality rates were 0% at 1 year, 2.5% (95% CI, 0.7%-7.7%) at 5 years, and 15.2% (95% CI, 8.1%-27.4%) at 10 years of follow-up for patients with cT1 stage disease; 0% at 1 year, 28.6% (95% CI, 12.9%-58.4%) at 5 years, and 43.6% (95% CI, 19.6%-77.9%) at 10 years of follow-up for cT2 disease; and 21.1% (95% CI, 8.1%-52.7%) at 1 year and 31.6% (95% CI, 13.5%-64.9%) at 5 years of follow-up for cT3 disease, indicating that patients with cT2- and cT3-staged conjunctival melanomas had a significantly higher cumulative mortality rate compared with those with cT1 disease (log-rank P < .001), but the mortality rates among cT2, cT3, and Tx were not significantly different (log-rank P = .13). Cumulative mortality rates of subgroups of cT1, cT2, and cT3 disease are given in Table 2. The Kaplan-Meier comparative survival curves for cT1, cT2, and cT3 disease are shown in Figure 1.

The cumulative mortality rates with respect to pathologic categories and at various time points were 0% at 1 year, 3.1% (95% CI, 0.9%-9.5%) at 5 years, and 13.6% (95% CI, 6.1%-26.4%) at 10 years of follow-up for eyes with pT1 conjunctival melanoma; 0% at 1 year, 27.2% (95% CI, 11.7%-55.6%) at 5 years, and 61.0% (95% CI, 33.4%-89.8%) at 10 years of follow-up for pT2; and 30.0% (95% CI, 10.8%-67.1%) at 1 year and 41.7% (95% CI, 17.9%-77.1%) at 5 years for pT3 (Table 2), indicating that patients with pT2 and pT3 tumors had a significantly higher cumulative mortality rate compared with those with pT1 (log rank P < .001), but the mortality rate for pT2 was slightly lower than that for pT3 (log rank P = .06). No differences were found for other pairwise group comparisons. The Kaplan-Meier comparative survival curves for pT1, pT2, and pT3 are shown in Figure 2.

On multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, patients with higher cT stages (cT2, cT3) had 3 times greater risk of mortality (HR, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.48-7.11; P = .003) compared with those with cT1. Patients with conjunctival melanomas reported to have ulceration at presentation also had a significantly higher risk of mortality (hazard ratio, 7.58; 95% CI, 1.02-56.32; P = .04) (Table 3). This study also notes that involvement of the plica, caruncle, and lymphatic invasion likely did not influence mortality rates. Although caruncular and plical involvement were not a significant risk factor for metastasis, there were 15 T3-staged tumors (4.5%).¹⁰

Quiz Ref IDMulticenter, international tumor registries are providing new medical evidence by allowing analysis of large numbers of rare tumors.^{2,5,7,8,11-14} This registry provided evidence from a large case series of eyes with conjunctival melanoma. The findings suggest that the eighth edition of AJCC Cancer Staging Manual for conjunctival melanoma is valid. Specifically, the rates of 1-, 5-, and 10-year mortality increased with the advancing initial cT stage of the primary tumor. The study also revealed independent factors associated with increased mortality, which included tumor thickness, tumor invasion, and ulceration (Table 3). Caruncular or plical involvement did not affect mortality.

The finding that the cumulative rate of mortality with respect to clinical categories showed a steep increase from T1 (3%) to T2 (28%) at the 5-year follow-up suggests the validity of the staging system. This increase in mortality supports the importance of tumor location, with nonbulbar tumors (T2) tending to be more aggressive or harder to control than bulbar tumors (T1). The cumulative 10-year mortality was 3-fold greater for T2 disease compared with T1 disease (43.6% vs 15.2%). Patients with T3 disease were the only ones with mortality at 1 year (cumulative mortality rate of 21%). The 5-year cumulative mortality rates were comparable for patients with T2 and T3 tumors. However, on subgroup analysis, the number of patients in the T3 group was insufficient for 5-year analysis. Although there are no multicenter data on cumulative mortality rates to date, previous single-center studies^{2,3,5,7,13,14} have suggested that larger tumors are associated with a higher incidence of metastasis and mortality. All patients in whom primary tumor could not be assessed (ie, cTx and pTx categories) were censored for the calculation of mortality rates.

In this study, the cumulative mortality rates were comparable for both clinical and pathologic T categories, which suggests that clinical staging is at least as useful as pathologic staging for mortality. Univariate and multivariable HR analyses revealed trends that were comparable to previous studies (Table 3).^2,7,10,13-17 However, contrary to the AJCC definitions and prior studies,^10,12,15 our data analysis did not support conjunctival melanoma involvement of the plica and caruncle being associated with higher mortality rates. A small case series suggested that, like other mucous membrane melanomas, immunotherapy may be effective in the treatment of advanced local and metastatic conjunctival melanoma.^18,19

This study supports the continued use of the conjunctival melanoma staging system published in the eighth edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual because use of the tool helped to accurately estimate melanoma-related mortality. The study suggests a potential for modification of weighting of caruncular and plical involvement as well as T4 definitions. Universal staging allowed for large multicenter, international cooperation investigating a rare ophthalmic cancer. This study provided data analysis to improve our knowledge of conjunctival melanoma.

Quiz Ref IDThe main limitation of this study is its retrospective design. Another limitation is the small number of patients in some cT categories; 75.7% of the tumors were cT1 staged, and there were no cT4 tumors. Because there were no criteria for case selection, this distribution represents the clinical experience of the multiple international centers involved in this study. Ethnic/racial backgrounds were not collected as data; however, because the data were derived from 4 continents, the registry included a broad spectrum of patients. In contrast, Zhou et al¹³ reported on mostly cT2 and cT3 tumors from the Chinese population.^5,7

These results suggest that the conjunctival melanoma staging system in the eighth edition of AJCC Cancer Staging Manual can be used to accurately estimate mortality related to metastatic disease. The findings also suggest that international, multicenter, registry-based studies of rare cancers can be performed using internet-based data sharing.

Accepted for Publication: March 20, 2019.

Published Online: June 6, 2019. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.1640

Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2019 Jain P et al. JAMA Ophthalmology.

Corresponding Author: Paul T. Finger, MD, The New York Eye Cancer Center, 115 E 61st St, Ste 5A/B, New York City, NY 10065 (pfinger@eyecancer.com).

Author Contributions: Dr Finger had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Jain, Finger, Maschi, Seregard, Pelayes, Gallie, Calle-Vasquez.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Jain, Finger, Damato, Coupland, Heimann, Kenawy, Brouwer, Marinkovic, Van Duinen, Caujolle, Seregard, Pelayes, Folgar, Yousef, Krema, Gallie, Calle-Vasquez.

Drafting of the manuscript: Jain, Finger, Coupland, Maschi.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Jain, Finger, Damato, Heimann, Kenawy, Brouwer, Marinkovic, Van Duinen, Caujolle, Seregard, Pelayes, Folgar, Yousef, Krema, Gallie, Calle-Vasquez.

Statistical analysis: Jain, Yousef, Calle-Vasquez.

Obtained funding: Finger.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Jain, Finger, Heimann, Kenawy, Brouwer, Marinkovic, Van Duinen, Caujolle, Seregard, Pelayes, Gallie.

Supervision: Jain, Finger, Coupland, Seregard, Pelayes, Yousef, Krema.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.

Funding/Support: The Paul Finger Fund, the Myrna and John Daniels Charitable Trust, and The Eye Cancer Foundation provided monetary support to the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre’s Internet Technology Program, which has (in turn) participated in the design aspects limited to construction and maintenance of several big data registry programs, including one for conjunctival melanoma. Dr Jain reported receiving an ophthalmic oncology fellowship grant from The Eye Cancer Foundation.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funding sources had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

American Joint Committee on Cancer Ophthalmic Oncology Task Force members: Paul T. Finger, MD (chair) (New York Eye Cancer Center, New York); Sarah E. Coupland, MBBS, PhD, FRCPath (vice chair) (Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, England); Daniel M. Albert, MD, MS (Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland); Anush G. Amiryan, MD, and Svetlana Saakyan, MD (Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Disease, Moscow, Russia); Claudia Auw-Hädrich, MD (University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany); Diane Baker, CTR (American Joint Committee on Cancer, Chicago, Illinois); Raymond Barnhill, MD, MSc (UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles); José M. Caminal, MD, PhD (Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain); William L. Caroll, MD (New York University Cancer Institute–New York University Langone Medical, New York); Nathalie Cassoux, MD, PhD, Laurence G. Desjardins, MD, François Doz, MD, MSc, and Gaelle Pierron, PhD (Institut Curie, Paris, France); Jaume Catalá-Mora, MD (SJD Barcelona Children's Hospital, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain); Guillermo Chantada, MD (Hospital JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina); Patricia Chévez-Barrios, MD (Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas); R. Max Conway, MD, PhD (Save Sight Institute, Sydney, Australia); Bertil E. Damato, MD, PhD (University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco); Hakan Demirci, MD (Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan); Jonathan J. Dutton, MD, PhD (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill); Bita Esmaeli, MD, Victor G. Prieto, MD, PhD, and Michelle Williams, MD (University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston); Brenda L. Gallie, MD (Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada); Gerardo F. Graue, MD (Instituto de Oftalmología Fundación Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico); Hans E. Grossniklaus, MD, (Emory Eye Center, Atlanta, Georgia); Steffen Heegaard, MD, PhD (University of Copenhagen, Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark); Leonard M. Holbach, MD (University Erlangen, Nurnberg, Germany); Santosh G. Honavar, MD (Centre For Sight Super-Specialty Eye Hospital, Hyderabad, India); Martine J. Jager, MD, PhD (Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands); Tero Kivelä, MD, FEBO, and Emma Kujala, MD (Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland); Livia Lumbroso-Le Rouic, MD (Institute Claudius Regaud Medical Center, Toulouse, France); Ashwin C. Mallipatna, MBBS, MS, DNB (Women and Children’s Center, Adelaide, Australia); Giulio M. Modorati, MD (San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy); Francis L. Munier, MD (Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland); Timothy G. Murray, MD, MBA (Murray Ocular Oncology and Retina, Coral Gables, Florida); Anna C. Pavlick, MD (New York University Cancer Center, New York); Jacob Pe’er, MD (Hebrew University, Hadassah Ein Karem Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel); David E. Pelayes, MD (Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina); Manuel Jorge Rodriguez, MD (Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida); Wolfgang A.G. Sauerwein, MD, PhD (University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany); Ekaterina Semenova, MD (The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York); Stefan Seregard, MD (St Erik’s Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden); Carol Shields, MD (Wills Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania); E. Rand Simpson, MD, FRCS(C) (Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada); Arun D. Singh, MD (Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio); Shigenobu Suzuki, MD, PhD (National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan); Mary Kay Washington, MD, PhD (Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee); Valerie A. White, MD, MHSc, FRCPC (Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada); Mathew W. Wilson, MD (University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis); Christian W. Wittekind, MD (Institut fur Pathologie der Universitat, Leipzig, Germany); and Vivian Yin, MPH (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York).

Additional Contributions: Yuliya Gavrylyuk, MD, MHA, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, assisted with multicenter institutional review board, ethics committee, privacy, and other contractual relationships. Sabyasachi Sengupta, DO, DNB, FMRF, FRCS, FICO, Sengupta Research Academy, Maharashtra, India, assisted with statistics and manuscript revisions. They were compensated for their work.