National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association Consensus Statement on the Use of Placebo in Clinical Trials of Mood Disorders

From the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Md (Drs Charney, Miller, Post, Rosenstein, and Rubinow); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga (Dr Nemeroff); National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association, Chicago, Ill (Mss Lewis and Grabowski and Dr Reynolds); Scientific Therapeutics Information, Inc, Springfield, NJ (Ms Laden); Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (Dr Gorman); Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY (Dr Laska); Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (Dr Borenstein); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio (Dr Bowden); Division of Bioethics (Dr Caplan) and Department of Psychiatry(Dr Evans), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Drs Emslie and Rush); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, Mo(Dr Geller); Applied Logic Associates, Inc, Houston, Tex (Dr Herson); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison (Dr Kalin); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio (Dr Keck); Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs(Dr Kirsch); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (Dr Krishnan); University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pa (Drs Kupfer and Ryan); Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn (Dr Makuch); Department of Psychiatry, New York–Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Dr Pardes); Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (Dr Roberts); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (Drs Rosenbaum and Sachs); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (Dr Schatzberg); and The Child and Adolescent Bipolar Foundation, Palo Alto, Calif (Ms Solomon).