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This book represents the proceedings of a study week at the Pontifical Academy of Science in Rome, from Sept 28 to Oct 4, 1964. Sir John Eccles, Nobel Prize winner in Physiology and Medicine in 1963, undertook the responsibility of organizing the symposium, which included representatives of the various neurological sciences, and of editing the volume of proceedings. Following the Laurentian Conference in 1953, published as Brain Mechanisms and Consciousness, this is perhaps the first book to treat the same general subject. A group of international experts were assembled to serve as contributors and discussants of the various papers. Absent from the study week was a professional philosopher. In his preface, Sir John explained that he was instructed by the chancellor that "the academy by its constitution has for aim to promote the study and progress of the physical, mathematical and neural sciences and