The US Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 established the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), a national nonprofit to fund patient-centered comparative effectiveness research and extend “the concept of patient-centeredness from health care delivery to health care research.”1(p1513) As defined by PCORI, patient-centered outcomes research (PCOR) is “the evaluation of questions and outcomes meaningful and important to patients and caregivers.”1(p1513) Since late 2012, PCORI has directed more than $1 billion into nearly 700 projects in 45 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia.2 At least 10 surgical projects are currently funded and range from patient-reported outcomes across different types of bariatric surgery3 to advance care planning before major cancer surgery,4 with some groups already publishing results.5