In a prospective multicenter randomized clinical trial in this issue of JAMA Surgery, Wang and colleagues1 compared the survival and safety of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) followed by minimally invasive esophagectomy with that of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (nCT) followed by minimally invasive esophagectomy for patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The primary outcome of this randomized clinical trial is 3-year survival, while postoperative morbidity, mortality, and pathologic response are secondary outcomes.