In this article, the authors study how race and ethnicity affect use of surgical therapy and survival for patients with HCC while controlling for stage of disease and differences in use of invasive therapy. They performed their study using SEER data, analyzing information from 13 244 patients diagnosed as having stage I or II HCC during the period from 1995 to 2006. The authors initially hypothesized that survival differences between racial and ethnic groups would be minimal after accounting for variation in the use of invasive therapy and the specific effects of treatment on survival.